- Volume 46, Issue 2, 1996
Volume 46, Issue 2, 1996
- Original Papers Relating To Systematic Bacteriology
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Emended Descriptions of Lactobacillus sake (Katagiri, Kitahara, and Fukami) and Lactobacillus curvatus (Abo-Elnaga and Kandler): Numerical Classification Revealed by Protein Figerprinting and Identification Based on Biochemical Patterns and DNA-DNA Hybridizations
A former subgenus of the genus Lactobacillus, “Streptobacterium,” comprises a wide range of species, including the so-called “atypical streptobacteria,” which includes the Lactobacillus sake-Lactobacillus curvatus group. Various identification systems and differentiation criteria for L. sake and L. curvatus have been described previously and are well established. The phenotypic diversity within these two species was the reason for comparing phenotypic variations with DNA homology data. Previously described biotypes of L. sake (Katagiri, Kitahara, and Fukami) and L. curvatus (Abo-Elnaga and Kandler) were the basis for selecting strains. Strains of all known biotypes of these species were examined to determine their biochemical reactions, their physiological growth characteristics, their total soluble protein contents as determined by a pattern analysis in which native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with colloidal Coomassie blue and silver diamine stainine were used, and their levels of DNA homology as determined by DNA-DNA hybridization experiments. All of the phenotypic analyses revealed a diversity within the taxa, whereas the DNA-DNA hybridization analysis revealed that the level of genomic homogeneity within each species was relatively high. The phenotypic diversity and genomic homogeneity which we observed allowed us to describe subgroups of L. sake and L. curvatus. The descriptions of L. sake and L. curvatus are emended accordingly. These subgroups which we describe may be the basis for defining subspecies within these two species.
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Sulfolobus hakonensis sp. nov., a Novel Species of Acidothermophilic Archaeon
We characterized a microbial strain that was isolated from a hot spring at a geothermal area in Hakone, Japan. This isolate, whose lobed-shaped cells were about 1.0 μ in diameter, was a facultative chemolithoautotroph that required aerobic conditions for growth. The optimum pH was 3.0 (pH range, 1.0 to 4.0), and the optimum temperature was 70°C (temperature range, 50 to 80°C). Lithotrophically, this strain grew on elemental sulfur and reduced sulfur compounds. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 38.4 mol%. This organism contained calditoglycerocaldarchaeol, which is characteristic of members of the Sulfolobaceae. The levels of 16S rRNA sequence similarity between the new isolate and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, Sulfolobus solfataricus, and Sulfolobus shibatae were less than 89.8%. Unlike S. acidocaldarius, S. solfataricus, and S. shibatae, the new isolate utilized sugars and amino acids poorly as sole carbon sources, and the levels of DNA-DNA hybridization between the new isolate and these Sulfolobus species were very low. Phenotypically, the new isolate was also distinct from the obligately lithotrophic organism Sulfolobus metallicus. We concluded that the new organism belongs to a new Sulfolobus species, for which we propose the name Sulfolobus hakonensis.
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Intrageneric Relationships of the Actinomycete Genus Micromonospora
More LessThe intrageneric structure of the genus Micromonospora was determined by analyzing the 16S ribosomal DNAs of the type strains of all but one of the 15 validly described species and four subspecies and 19 other Micromonospora strains, most of which represented invalidly described species. One of the 19 other Micromonospora strains grouped outside a phylogenetically tight genus Micromonospora, which appeared to be closely related to other genera belonging to the family Micromonosporaceae. The level of sequence similarity for the 16S ribosomal DNAs of most of the type strains was 98%. Values in the same range were also found when the sequences of the type strains and most of the other Micromonospora strains were compared. Whether the invalidly described species actually represent taxa that are worthy of species status should be investigated by performing DNA reassociation studies and thoroughly comparing physiological and chemotaxonomic properties.
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Thermoanaerobacterium aotearoense sp. nov., a Slightly Acidophilic, Anaerobic Thermophile Isolated from Various Hot Springs in New Zealand, and Emendation of the Genus Thermoanaerobacterium
More LessSix moderately acidophilic, thermophilic bacterial strains with similar properties were isolated from geothermally heated water and sediment samples collected in New Zealand. These Gram stain-negative but Gram type-positive, rod-shaped bacteria formed oval terminal endospores. The cells were peritrichously flagellated and exhibited tumbling motility. At 60°C the pH range for growth was 3.8 to 6.8, and the optimum pH was 5.2 when the organisms were grown with xylose. At pH 5.2 the temperature range for growth was 35 to 66°C, and the optimum temperature was 60 to 63°C. The fermentation products from glucose or xylose were ethanol, acetate, lactate, CO2, and H2. The DNA G+C content was 34.5 to 35 mol%. On the basis of properties such as formation of elemental sulfur from thiosulfate, growth at acidic pH values at elevated temperatures, and the results of a 16S rRNA sequence comparison performed with previously validly published species belonging to the genus Thermoanaerobacterium, we propose that strain JW/SL-NZ613T (T = type strain) and five similar strains isolated from samples collected in New Zealand represent a new species, Thermoanaerobacterium aotearoense. Strain JW/SL-NZ613T (= DSM 10170) is the type strain of this species.
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Desulfotomaculum thermocisternum sp. nov., a Sulfate Reducer Isolated from a Hot North Sea Oil Reservoir
More LessThe organism described in this paper, strain ST90T (T = type strain), is a thermophilic, spore-forming, rod-shaped sulfate reducer that was isolated from North Sea oil reservoir formation water. In cultivation the following substances were used as electron donors and carbon sources: H2-CO2, lactate, pyruvate, ethanol, propanol, butanol, and C3 to C10 and C14 to C17 carboxylic acids. Sulfate was used as the electron acceptor in these reactions. Lactate was incompletely oxidized. Sulfite and thiosulfate were also used as electron acceptors. In the absence of an electron acceptor, the organism grew syntrophically on propionate together with a hydrogenothrophic methanogen. The optimum conditions for growth on lactate and sulfate were 62°C, pH 6.7, and 50 to 200 mM NaCI. The G+C content was 56 mol%, as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and 57 mol% as determined by thermal denaturation. Spore formation was observed when the organism was grown on butyrate or propanol as a substrate and at low pH values. On the basis of differences in G+C content and phenotypic and immunological characteristics when the organism was compared with other thermophilic Desulfotomaculum species, we propose that strain ST90T is a member of a new species, Desulfotomaculum thermocisternum. D. thermocisternum can be quickly identified and distinguished from closely related Desulfotomaculum species by immunoblotting.
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Thermus oshimai sp. nov., Isolated from Hot Springs in Portugal, Iceland, and the Azores, and Comment on the Concept of a Limited Geographical Distribution of Thermus Species
More LessWe examined aerobic, thermophilic, gram-negative bacteria that were isolated from hot springs in Portugal and were identified as Thermus strains and placed in phenetic groups on the basis of their phenotypic characteristics. We determined the composition of the peptidoglycan, identified the respiratory quinones, and determined the mean base composition of the DNA, and the levels of DNA-DNA homology were determined by both the filter hybridization and reassociation rate methods. Thermus aquaticus, Thermus brockianus, and Thermus filiformis were not detected in this collection of organisms, although three Thermus thermophilus strains were identified. We propose that the isolates that belonged to phenetic clusters E and F are members of a new species, Thermus oshimai; the type strain of T. oshimai is strain SPS17.
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Isolation, Phenotypic Characterization, and Phylogenetic Position of a Novel, Facultatively Autotrophic, Moderately Thermophilic Bacterium, Thiobacillus thermosulfatus sp. nov.
More LessThiobacillus thermosulfatus ATCC 51520T (T = type strain) was isolated from sewage sludge samples enriched with elemental sulfur. The cells of this organism were gram negative, rod shaped, motile, facultatively autotrophic, and strictly aerobic and contained polyphosphate inclusions and polyhedral bodies. During growth on thiosulfate, the following intermediates were produced: tetrathionate, trithionate, and sulfate, and the pH was lowered from neutrality to around 2.5. Autotrophic growth was observed at pH values between 4.3 and 7.8 and at temperatures of 34 to 65°C; optimum growth occurred at pH 5.2 to 5.6 and 50 to 52.5°C. Ubiquinone Q8 was present in the respiratory chain. The DNA contained 61 ± 1 mol% G+C. No denitrification was observed under autotrophic and heterotrophic conditions. The cells produced a glycocalyx during growth in the presence of S0. As determined by a 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, T. thermosulfatus is a distinct species that belongs to the beta subdivision of the Proteobacteria and is closely related phylogenetically to Thiobacillus perometabolis. The GenBank accession number for the complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of T. thermosulfatus is U27839.
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A Phylogenetic Analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Isolates Associated with Lyme Disease in Japan by Flagellin Gene Sequence Determination
More LessWe determined nearly complete flagellin gene sequences for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates (11 isolates obtained from Ixodes persulcatus ticks and patients in Hokkaido, Japan, and 1 European isolate) representing six different restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) ribotype groups following cloning of the PCR-amplified genes. These sequences were aligned with those of representatives of the three Borrelia species associated with Lyme disease, and a phylogenetic tree was construced by the Clustal method. On the Lyme disease borrelia portion of the tree, the species were clearly delineated into three different phylogenetic groups, in complete agreement with the division of B. burgdorferi sensu lato into three species. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that the representatives of RFLP ribotype groups IV, V, and VI clustered tightly with each other and belonged on the same branch as Borrelia garinii. We used the criteria that are currently used to delineate bacterial species and determined the levels of DNA relatedness for these Borrelia isolates. For the RFLP ribotype group IV, V, and VI isolates, the levels of DNA relatedness ranged from 79 to 88%, and the levels of relatedness to the reference strain of B. garinii ranged from 70 to 80%. The levels of DNA relatedness of the RFLP ribotype group IV, V, and VI isolates to the representatives of other species associated with Lyme disease ranged from 53 to 66%. All of these findings indicate that the RFLP ribotype group IV, V, and VI isolates should be included in the species B. garinii.
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Thermothrix azorensis sp. nov., an Obligately Chemolithoautotrophic, Sulfur-Oxidizing, Thermophilic Bacterium †
More LessA new aerobic, obligately chemolithoautotrophic, thermophilic, sulfur-oxidizing bacterium, Thermothrix azorensis, was isolated from a hot spring on Sao Miguel Island in the Azores. The cells of this organism are gram negative, nonsporulating, and rod shaped. Filament formation appears to occur as a response to nonoptimal growth condition. Growth occurs at 63 to 86°C, and the optimum temperature is 76 to 78°C. The optimum pH range for growth is 7.0 to 7.5. The G+C content of the DNA of our isolate is 39.7 mol%. This isolate uses thiosulfate, tetrathionate, hydrogen sulfide, and elemental sulfur as energy sources. Of particular interest are the absence of Calvin cycle enzymes and the initial appearance of sulfide during the lag phase of growth of aerobic cultures grown on elemental sulfur. The subsequent formation of thiosulfate is followed by oxidation of the thiosulfate to sulfate. T. azorensis differs from the only other Thermothrix species that has been described, Thermothrix thiopara, by having higher optimum and maximum growth temperatures, by being an obligate chemolithoautotroph, and by its close but separate position on a 16S rRNA sequence-based phylogenetic tree. Our T. azorensis isolate has been deposited in the American Type Culture Collection as strain ATCC 51754T (T = type strain).
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Tsukamurella pulmonis sp. nov.
Chemotaxonomic and 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analyses of an isolate from the sputum of a patient with a mycobacterial lung infection clearly delineated a new species of the genus Tsukamurella. This new species can be defined on the basis of genotypic and phenotypic data. The name Tsukamurella pulmonis sp. nov. is proposed for this organism; the type strain is IMMIB d-1321T (= DSM 44142T). This isolate shows 44.2 and 36.2% DNA relatedness to Tsukamurella paurometabola DSM 20162T (T = type strain) and Tsukamurella inchonensis DSM 44067T, respectively.
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Mycoplasma elephantis sp. nov., a New Species from Elephants
More LessOrganisms with the typical characteristics of mycoplasmas were isolated from the genital tracts of female elephants. The results of growth inhibition tests, metabolic inhibition tests, indirect immunofluorescence tests, and immunobinding assays showed that the isolated mycoplasmas were identical and distinct from previously described Mycoplasma, Entomoplasma, Mesoplasma, and Acholeplasma species. These organisms represent a new species, for which the name Mycoplasma elephantis is proposed. M. elephantis ferments glucose, fructose, maltose, mannose, and sucrose, produces films and spots, does not hydrolyze arginine, esculin, and urea, does not reduce methylene blue, tetrazolium chloride, and potassium tellurite, does not possess phosphatase activity, and reduces resazurin. It lyses avian, ovine, and guinea pig erythrocytes. It does not adsorb erythrocytes. Cholesterol or serum is required for growth. The optimum growth temperature is 37°C. The G+C content of the DNA is 24.0 mol%. The type strain of M. elephantis is E42 (= ATCC 51980).
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Desulfitobacterium hafniense sp. nov., an Anaerobic, Reductively Dechlorinating Bacterium
More LessStrain DCB-2T (T = type strain) (T. Madsen and D. Licht, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:2874–2878, 1992) is an anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that is capable of reductive dechlorination of chlorophenols. The cells of this strain are rod shaped and 3.3 to 6 μm long by 0.6 to 0.7 μm wide and occur singly and in pairs. Short chains are formed. Spores are terminal. This bacterium is motile, and each cell has one or two terminal flagella. Cells in the exponential and stationary phases are gram negative. This organism does not hydrolyze gelatin and is indole positive and catalase negative, and the guanine-plus-cytosine content of its cellular DNA is 47 mol%. The optimum temperature for growth is 37°C. Only pyruvate and tryptophan are used as substrates. Pyruvate and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol are converted to acetate, CO2, and 4-chlorophenol by strain DCB-2T. When grown on pyruvate, this bacterium produces sulfide if thiosulfate or sulfite is added as an electron acceptor. Fe(III) is reduced to Fe(II), but Mn(IV) is not reduced. Sulfate is not reduced to sulfide in the presence of pyruvate or other carbon sources typically used by sulfate-reducing bacteria. Cytochrome c is present, but desulfoviridin is not. DCB-2T reductively dechlorinates 3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylacetate to 4-hydroxyphenylacetate and conserves energy from the reaction. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that strain DCB-2T clusters with the Clostridium-Bacillus subphylum and groups with Desulfitobacterium dehalogenans and Desulfotomaculum orientis. Desulfotomaculum orientis does not dechlorinate 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. On the basis of the phylogenetic and physiological differences and similarities of strain DCB-2T, Desulfitobacterium dehalogenans, and Desulfotomaculum orientis, we concluded that DCB-2T belongs to the genus Desulfitobacterium. We propose that strain DCB-2 is the type strain of Desulfitobacterium hafniense sp. nov.
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Lactobacillus panis sp. nov., from Sourdough with a Long Fermentation Period
More LessTwo Lactobacillus strains isolated from rye sourdough most closely resemble Lactobacillus oris on the basis of their physiological, morphological, and chemotaxonomic characteristics. A 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis showed that these two strains clustered with, but were separate from, L. oris, Lactobacillus vaginalis, and Lactobacillus pontis. The results of DNA-DNA hybridization experiments indicated that the new two isolates represent a new Lactobacillus species, for which we propose the name Lactobacillus panis; strain DSM 6035T is the type strain of this species.
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Clostridium acetireducens sp. nov., a Novel Amino Acid-Oxidizing, Acetate-Reducing Anaerobic Bacterium
More LessStrain 30AT (T = type strain), which was isolated from an anaerobic bioreactor fed on waste from a potato starch factory in De Krim, The Netherlands, is a nonmotile, gram-positive, anaerobic, rod-shaped organism that is able to degrade various amino acids, including alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, serine, and threonine. Acetate is required as an electron acceptor for the utilization of alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine. Other growth substrates, including pyruvate, α-ketobutyrate, α-ketoisocaproate, α-keto-3-methylvalerate, α-ketoisovalerate, and peptone, are intermediates in amino acid catabolism. Strain 30AT utilizes neither the branched-chain amino acids nor alanine via interspecies hydrogen transfer with methanogenic and sulfate-reducing bacteria or via the Stickland reaction with proline or glycine as an electron acceptor. No growth occurs with the following electron acceptors: fumarate, nitrate, nitrite, sulfite, sulfate, and oxygen. Yeast extract is required for growth. Sugars are not degraded. The optimal temperature and optimal pH for growth are 39 to 43°C and 6.4 to 7.6, respectively. The results of a 16S rRNA sequence analysis phylogenetically placed strain 30AT in Clostridium group I (genus Clostridium sensu stricto), where it forms a new and distinct line of descent.
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Rubrobacter xylanophilus sp. nov., a New Thermophilic Species Isolated from a Thermally Polluted Effluent
One strain of a thermophilic, slightly halotolerant bacterium was isolated from a thermally polluted industrial runoff near Salisbury, United Kingdom. This organism, strain PRD-1T (T = type strain), for which we propose the name Rubrobacter xylanophilus sp. nov., produces short gram-positive rods and coccoid cells and forms pink colonies. The optimum growth temperature is approximately 60°C. Unusual internal branched-chain fatty acids (namely, 12-methylhexadecanoic acid and 14-methyloctadecanoic acid) make up the major acyl chains of the lipids. The results of our 16S rRNA sequence comparisons showed that strain PRD-1T is related to Rubrobacter radiotolerans and that these two organisms form a deep evolutionary line of descent within the gram-positive Bacteria.
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Reclassification of a Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Metabolizing Bacterium, Beijerinckia sp. Strain B1, as Sphingomonas yanoikuyae by Fatty Acid Analysis, Protein Pattern Analysis, DNA-DNA Hybridization, and 16S Ribosomal DNA Sequencing
More LessA bacterium isolated from a polluted stream, capable of metabolizing biphenyl, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and higher-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (D. Gibson, V. Mahadevan, D. Jerina, H. Yagi, and H. Yeh, Science 189:295–297, 1975), was previously identified as Beijerinckia sp. strain B1. In this investigation, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, biochemical tests, fatty acid methyl ester analysis, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of protein, and DNA-DNA hybridization were used to determine the taxonomic relationship of Beijerinckia sp. strain B1. The sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of B1 was identical to that of Sphingomonas yanoikuyae ATCC 51230T. The biochemical tests, fatty acid analysis, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profile of soluble proteins of strain B1 showed results similar to those of S. yanoikuyae. DNA-DNA hybridization indicated that B1 and S. yanoikuyae ATCC 51230T are 75% homologous at the DNA level. We propose that Beijerinckia sp. strain B1 be reclassified as S. yanoikuyae.
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Bacillus vallismortis sp. nov., a Close Relative of Bacillus subtilis, Isolated from Soil in Death Valley, California
More LessFive Bacillus strains isolated from Death Valley soil were shown to belong to a previously unidentified species, for which we propose the name Bacillus vallismortis. The type strain is strain DV1-F-3 (= NRRL B-14890). On the basis of previously published restriction digestion data, B. vallismortis is most closely related to Bacillus subtilis. At this time B. vallismortis can be distinguished from B. subtilis only by differences in whole-cell fatty acid compositions. DNA sequences, and levels of reassociation of genomic DNA.
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Phylogenetic Analysis of Streptomyces spp. Causing Potato Scab Based on 16S rRNA Sequences
More LessThe complete 16S rRNA sequences of 12 strains of Streptomyces spp., including potato scab pathogens, were determined. Among the strains of Streptomyces scabies that were isolated from diverse geographical areas and differed in melanoid pigment production, either no difference or one difference in sequence was observed. The sequence of S. scabies was most similar to the sequences of Streptomyces diastatochromogenes, Streptomyces bottropensis, and Streptomyces neyagawaensis, which belong to the Diastatochromogenes group. The levels of similarity of the 16S rRNA sequences of Streptomyces acidiscabies and S. scabies were almost the same as the levels of similarity between S. acidiscabies and other Streptomyces strains. Streptomyces sp. strain 91-Sy-13, which was isolated in Japan from potato scab and belongs to a distinct species on the basis of phenotypic characteristics and DNA relatedness, exhibited lower levels of 16S rRNA sequence similarity with other potato scab pathogens, as well as other Streptomyces species. The phylogenetic tree constructed on the basis of 16S rRNA sequence data showed that the Streptomyces spp. that cause potato scab composed unique branches. The results of our phylogenetic analysis based on complete 16S rRNA sequences confirmed the lack of close relationships among Streptomyces spp. that cause potato scab. Our findings suggest that potato scab is caused by phylogenetically diverse Streptomyces species and that the pathogenicities of these organisms developed independently.
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Vibrio tapetis sp. nov., the Causative Agent of the Brown Ring Disease Affecting Cultured Clams
A taxonomic characterization was carried out on strains of the bacteria that cause the brown ring disease of clams. On the basis of their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, these strains can be considered to constitute a new taxonomic unit, distinct from other Vibrio species. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the strains ranged between 42.9 and 45.5 mol% (43.2 mol% for the proposed type strain). DNA-DNA hybridization studies showed 100% intragroup relatedness, but levels of genetic relatedness to the reference strains of different Vibrio species tested ranged between 15 and 58%. The strains have all the properties characteristic of the genus Vibrio and can be clearly differentiated from other species of this genus by their growth at 4°C and their negative responses for growth at 30°C and in 6% NaCl, arginine dehydrolase, lysine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase, and Voges-Proskauer reaction. The name Vibrio tapetis is proposed for the new species; strain B1090 (CECT 4600) is the type strain.
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Glutamine Synthetase II Constitutes a Novel Taxonomic Marker in Rhizobium etli and Other Rhizobium Species
Different Rhizobium species may be identified by using polymorphisms in their glutamine synthetases (GSII) but not by their GSI profiles. We analyzed the GSs of various Rhizobium tropici and Rhizobium etli strains (which are capable of nodulating and fixing nitrogen in Phaseolus vulgaris beans), as well as strains of other species included for comparison. The GS polymorphisms were determined by identifying variations in native enzyme mobility (revealed by GS activity staining) and in the isoelectric points of the monomers (revealed by immunodetection with antibodies against the GS proteins) by using gel electrophoresis. Restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns obtained by hybridizing an internal fragment of the GSII gene obtained from R. etli with total fragmented DNAs from different strains clearly distinguished the different groups. GSII is a novel and useful marker for Rhizobium groups and species, and GSII data support R. tropici and R. etli as bona fide species.
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Halobacillus gen. nov., with Descriptions of Halobacillus litoralis sp. nov. and Halobacillus trueperi sp. nov., and Transfer of Sporosarcina halophila to Halobacillus halophilus comb. nov.
More LessTwo moderately halophilic, gram-positive, heterotrophic bacterial strains were isolated from hypersaline sediments of the Great Salt Lake in Utah. These two strains, designated SL-4T (T = type strain) and SL-5T, were motile, spore-forming, strictly aerobic rods which contained peptidoglycan of the Orn-d-Asp type in their vegetative cell walls. The guanine-plus-cytosine contents of the DNAs of strains SL-4T and SL-5T were 42 and 43 mol%, respectively. A detailed investigation of the phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics of these organisms revealed that each isolate represents a new species that is closely related to Sporosarcina halophila, a moderately halophilic, spore-forming coccus. Phylogenetic data indicate that there is only a distant relationship between Sporosarcina halophila and Sporosarcina ureae, the type species of the genus Sporosarcina. The sequences of the 16S rRNA genes of strain SL-4T and Salinicoccus roseus DSM 5351 were determined. We propose that a new genus, Halobacillus, should be created; this genus includes Halobacillus halophilus (formerly Sporosarcina halophila) as the type species, as well as Halobacillus litoralis DSM 10405T (= SL-4T) and Halobacillus trueperi DSM 10404T (= SL-5T).
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Caloramator indicus sp. nov., a New Thermophilic Anaerobic Bacterium Isolated from the Deep-Seated Nonvolcanically Heated Waters of an Indian Artesian Aquifer
More LessA new thermophilic, glucose-fermenting, anaerobic isolate, strain IndiB4T, was obtained from the nonvolcanically heated waters of an Indian artesian basin bore and was named Caloramator indicus. The cells of this organism were rod shaped to filamentous and occurred singly, in pairs, or in short chains. Motility and spores were not observed. Electron micrographs of thin sections revealed a typical gram-positive cell wall structure, although the cells stained gram negative. The optimum temperature for growth was 60 to 65°C, the maximum temperature was 75°C, and the minimum temperature was more than 37°C. Growth occurred at pH values between 6.2 and 9.2, and the optimum pH was between 7.5 and 8.1. The generation time of C. indicus at the optimal temperature and optimal pH was 20 min. The DNA base composition was 25.6 ± 0.3 mol% guanine plus cytosine as determined by thermal denaturation. Strain IndiB4T utilized a wide range of carbohydrates, including starch, amylopectin, sucrose, mannose, lactose, fructose, and cellobiose. Ethanol, acetate, lactate, CO2, and H2 were the end products of glucose fermentation. Growth was inhibited by pencillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol, indicating that the organism is a member of the domain Bacteria. A phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that strain IndiB4T is affiliated with the low-guanine-plus-cytosine-content subgroup of the gram-positive phylum. The type strain of C. indicus is strain IndiB4 (= ACM 3982).
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Identification of Saccharomonospora Strains by the Use of Genomic DNA Fragments and rRNA Gene Probes
Restriction digestion fragments of DNAs extracted from 14 representative strains of Saccharomonospora azurea, “Saccharomonospora caesia,” Saccharomonospora cyanea, Saccharomonospora glauca, and Saccharomonospora viridis and six “Saccharomonospora”-like isolates were separated by electrophoresis, Southern blotted onto nylon membranes, and hybridized by using two rRNA gene probes cloned from Streptomyces griseus subsp. griseus KCTC 9080. The following four restriction endonucleases were used: Bam HI, Sal I, Pvu II, and Xho I. The resultant five ribotype patterns were considered species specific. The genomic diversity revealed by ribotyping indicates that this method can be used to both characterize and identify saccharomonosporae. All of the test strains contained DNA with three rRNA gene clusters.
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Phylogenetic Analysis of Acinetobacter Strains Based on the Nucleotide Sequences of gyrB Genes and on the Amino Acid Sequences of Their Products
More LessPartial nucleotide sequences of the gyrB genes (DNA gyrase B subunit genes) of 15 Acinetobacter strains, including the type and reference strains of genomic species 1 to 12 (A. calcoaceticus [genomic species 1], A. baumannii [genomic species 2], Acinetobacter genomic species 3, A. haemolyticus [genomic species 4], A. junii [genomic species 5], Acinetobacter genomic species 6, A. johnsonii [genomic species 7], A. lwoffii [genomic species 8], Acinetobacter genomic species 9, Acinetobacter genomic species 10, Acinetobacter genomic species 11, and A. radioresistens [genomic species 12]), were determined by sequencing the PCR-amplified fragments of gyrB. The gyrB sequence homology among these Acinetobacter strains ranged from 69.6 to 99.7%. A phylogenetic analysis, using the gyrB sequences, indicates that genomic species 1, 2, and 3 formed one cluster (87.3 to 90.3% identity), while genomic species 8 and 9 formed another cluster (99.7% identity). These results are consistent with those of DNA-DNA hybridization and of biochemical systematics. On the other hand, the topology of the published phylogenetic tree based on the 16S rRNA sequences of the Acinetobacter strains was quite different from that of the gyrB-based tree. The numbers of substitution in the 16S rRNA gene sequences were not high enough to construct a reliable phylogenetic tree. The gyrB-based analysis indicates that the genus Acinetobacter is highly diverse and that a reclassification of this genus would be required.
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Isolation and Characterization of Sporobacter termitidis gen. nov., sp. nov., from the Digestive Tract of the Wood-Feeding Termite Nasutitermes lujae
A new chemoorganotrophic bacterium, strain SYRT (T = type strain), was isolated from the digestive tract of the wood-feeding termite Nasutitermes lujae. This organism was a slightly curved spore-forming rod-shaped bacterium. It had a gram-positive-type cell wall and was obligately anaerobic. It grew exclusively on a limited range of methylated aromatic compounds including 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamate (TMC), sinapate (3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamate), 3,4-dimethoxycinnamate, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate, ferulate, syringate (3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzoate), and vanillate (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate) but not on carbohydrates, alcohols, or fatty acids. The isolate required yeast extract for growth. Strain SYRT grew optimally between 32 and 35°C and at pH values between 6.7 and 7.2, with NaCl concentrations from 0 to 5 g · liter-1, on TMC with a doubling time of about 25 h. During growth on TMC in the presence of sulfide or cysteine, dimethyl sulfide and acetate were produced, whereas methanethiol was an intermediary product of metabolism. The ring of the methoxylated aromatic compound was cleaved. The DNA base composition was 57 mol% guanine plus cytosine. Comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis indicated that strain SYRT was distantly related to Eubacterium desmolans and Eubacterium plautii. On the basis of its distinct phylogenetic position and physiological properties, strain SYRT has been designated a new species of a new genus, Sporobacter termitidis gen. nov., sp. nov. (= DSM 10068T).
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Isolation and Characterization of Microsphaera multipartita gen. nov., sp. nov., a Polysaccharide-Accumulating Gram-Positive Bacterium from Activated Sludge
More LessA new gram-positive bacterium was isolated from activated sludge acclimated with sugar-containing synthetic wastewater. This organism, designated strain Y-104T (T = type strain), was a coccus-shaped, aerobic chemoorganotroph that had a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. This strain accumulates large amounts of polysaccharide in its cells. Strain Y-104T has the following chemotaxonomic characteristics: it contains menaquinone MK-8(H4), its DNA G+C content is 67.5 mol%, and it contains meso-diaminopimelic acid. No previously described high-G+C-content gram-positive coccus contains both MK-8(H4) as a major quinone and meso-diaminopimelic acid in its cell wall. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA sequences showed that strain Y-104T represents a line of descent distinct from those of previously described species of high-G+C-content gram-positive bacteria and that members of the genus Frankia are the nearest neighbors. Therefore, we concluded that our isolate should be assigned to a new genus and species, for which we propose the name Microsphaera multipartita. The type strain is strain Y-104.
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Phylogeny of Legionellaceae Based on Small-Subunit Ribosomal DNA Sequences and Proposal of Legionella lytica comb. nov. for Legionella-Like Amoebal Pathogens
More LessThe 16S rRNA-encoding gene sequences from strains of the family Legionellaceae, Sarcobium lyticum, and Coxiella burnetii were determined. Phylogenetic relationships revealed that all Legionella spp. were members of a coherent monophyletic family. The blue-white autofluorescent species formed a defined cluster bounded by Legionella bozemanii and Legionella tucsonensis. The strains of Legionella pneumophila subsp. pneumophila and Legionella pneumophila subsp. fraseri shared 99.2% sequence identity. A legionella-like amoebal pathogen (LLAP-3) showed 99.4% sequence identity to the obligate intracellular bacterial parasite Sarcobium lyticum. A proposal is made for the transfer of Sarcobium lyticum from the genus Sarcobium to the genus Legionella as Legionella lytica comb. nov. On the basis of serology and phenetic and phylogenetic comparisons, the taxa Legionella erythra and Legionella rubrilucens may be regarded as subspecies.
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Description of Bacillus thermoaerophilus sp. nov., To Include Sugar Beet Isolates and Bacillus brevis ATCC 12990 †
Isolates of thermophilic bacteria obtained from an Austrian beet sugar factory were screened by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and freeze-fracture electron microscopy for the presence of glycosylated crystalline cell surface layers (S-layers). On the basis of similarities in the protein band patterns on SDS-PAGE gels and the lattice geometry of the S-layers as revealed by electron micrographs, the 31 isolates which we studied were clustered into five groups (groups I to V) and several strains which exhibited no common characteristics (group 0). We found that the organisms belonging to groups I to III had glycosylated S-layer proteins, but the highest carbohydrate contents were observed in group III organisms. Partial sequencing of the 16S ribosomal DNAs of selected representative strains of each group revealed that the group I, II, IV, and V isolates and the few group 0 strains were different from the group III strains. The results of DNA-DNA hybridization experiments, SDS-PAGE, and an analysis of polar lipids demonstrated that group III isolates L419-91, L420-91T (T = type strain), and L438-91 belong to the same species. We chose the group III organism Bacillus sp. strain L420-91T for further analysis because of the high carbohydrate content of its S-layer protein. The taxonomic position of this isolate was determined by using a polyphasic approach. Phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genomic analyses revealed that strains L420-91T, L419-91, and L438-91 represent a new Bacillus species. We observed high levels of similarity between these strains and Bacillus brevis ATCC 12990, which also had a glycosylated S-layer protein. Our results show that strains L420-91T, L419-91, and L438-91 and B. brevis ATCC 12990 belong to the same species and that this species is a new Bacillus species, which we name Bacillus thermoaerophilus. The type strain of this species is strain L420-91 (= DSM 10154).
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Unification of the Genera Deleya (Baumann et al. 1983), Halomonas (Vreeland et al. 1980), and Halovibrio (Fendrich 1988) and the Species Paracoccus halodenitrificans (Robinson and Gibbons 1952) into a Single Genus, Halomonas, and Placement of the Genus Zymobacter in the Family Halomonadaceae
More LessWe determined the 16S rRNA sequences of the type strains of species belonging to the genera Deleya and Halomonas for which no sequence data were available previously. We also determined the 16S rRNA sequence of ACAM 21, a representative strain of a biovar of Halomonas subglaciescola. The members of the genera Deleya, Halomonas, and Halovibrio and the misnamed organism Paracoccus halodenitrificans formed a monophyletic group within the gamma subclass of the Proteobacteria. The 16S rRNA sequences of the members of this group contained all of the signature features previously identified as characteristic of the group. The frequency of occurrence of these signature features among other members of the gamma subclass has remained stable during the expansion of the database of rRNA sequences. The levels of 16S rRNA sequence similarity between members of the species belonging to the genera Deleya, Halomonas, and the misnamed organism P. halodenitrificans ranged from 91.5 to 100%; however, the level of sequence similarity for members of well-resolved monophyletic subgroups which might represent separate genera was 98%. At a sequence similarity level of 98% 10 subgroups were resolved, but these groups could not be differentiated on the basis of chemotaxonomic or phenotypic characteristics. In this paper we propose that members of the genera Deleya, Halomonas, and Halovibrio should be placed in a single genus, the genus Halomonas, and we emend the description of this genus. The resulting new combinations are Halomonas aquamarina (Deleya aquamarina Akagawa and Yamasato 1989), Halomonas variabilis (Halovibrio variabilis Fendrich 1988), Halomonas venusta (Deleya venusta Baumann et al. 1983), Halomonas cupida (Deleya cupida Baumann et al. 1983), Halomonas pacifica (Deleya pacifica Baumann et al. 1983), Halomonas marina (Deleya marina Baumann et al. 1983), Halomonas halophila (Deleya halophila Quesada et al. 1984), and Halomonas salina (Deleya salina Valderrama et al. 1991). We transfer the misnamed organism P. halodenitrificans to the genus Halomonas as Halomonas halodenitrificans comb. nov. (P. halodenitrificans Robinson and Gibbons 1952). The genus Zymobacter is closely related to the genus Halomonas. While the genus Zymobacter can be clearly distinguished from the genus Halomonas, these two taxa share important genotypic, chemotaxonomic, and phenotypic characteristics. We propose that the genus Zymobacter should be transferred to the family Halomonadaceae and emend the description of the family Halomonadaceae. The 16S rRNA sequence of Halomonas subglaciescola ACAM 21 was significantly different from the 16S rRNA sequence of the type strain of Halomonas subglaciescola (strain ACAM 12) but was nearly identical to the 16S rRNA sequence of Halomonas halodurans.
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Pseudobutyrivibrio ruminis gen. nov., sp. nov., a Butyrate-Producing Bacterium from the Rumen That Closely Resembles Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens in Phenotype
More LessA gram-negative, anaerobic, non-spore-forming bacterium which is a curved rod and motile by means of a single polar or subpolar flagellum was isolated from the rumen of a cow on pasture. The bacterium fermented a range of carbohydrates. Glucose was fermented to formate, butyrate, and lactate. The composition of cellular fatty acids was determined. The DNA base composition was 40 to 41 mol% G+C. The complete 16S rRNA sequence (EMBL accession number, X95893) was obtained, and the phylogenetic relationships were determined. The most closely related taxa were Roseburia cecicola, Eubacterium rectale, and Lachnospira pectinoschiza. The name proposed for this bacterium is Pseudobutyrivibrio ruminis gen. nov., the type strain is A12-1 (DSM 9787).
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Bifidobacterium inopinatum sp. nov. and Bifidobacterium denticolens sp. nov., Two New Species Isolated from Human Dental Caries
More LessIn a previous investigation of bifidobacteria isolated from human dental caries (V. Scardovi and F. Crociani, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 24:6-20, 1974), 40 strains were assigned to the new species Bifidobacterium dentium. In this study we examined 70 new strains of bifidobacteria isolated from dental caries. The morphological characteristics, biochemical reactions, fermentation patterns, end products from glucose metabolism, protein electrophoretic patterns, levels of DNA hybridization, and DNA G+C contents of these organisms revealed that they belong to three different taxa. One of these taxa was identified as B. dentium. The other two are described as the following new Bifidobacterium species in this paper: Bifidobacterium inopinatum (type strain, DSM 10107) and Bifidobacterium denticolens (type strain, DSM 10105). The two new species differ from other Bifidobacterium species in their morphological characteristics (especially B. inopinatum, with its very small coccoid cells), in their carbohydrate fermentation patterns (most strains ferment dextran, and B. inopinatum does not ferment galactose), and in their DNA base compositions (especially B. inopinatum).
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High-Resolution Genotypic Analysis of the Genus Aeromonas by AFLP Fingerprinting
More LessWe investigated the ability of a recently developed genomic fingerprinting technique, named AFLP, to differentiate the 14 currently defined DNA hybridization groups (HGs) in the genus Aeromonas. We also determined the taxonomic positions of the phenospecies Aeromonas allosaccharophila, Aeromonas encheleia, Aeromonas enteropelogenes, and Aeromonas ichthiosmia, which have not been assigned to HGs yet. A total of 98 Aeromonas type and reference strains were included in this study. For the AFLP analysis, the total genomic DNA of each strain was digested with restriction endonucleases Apa I and Taq I. Subsequently, restriction fragments were selectively amplified under high-stringency PCR conditions. The amplification products were electrophoretically separated on a polyacrylamide gel and visualized by autoradiography. Following high-resolution densitometric scanning of the resulting band patterns, AFLP data were further processed for a computer-assisted comparison. A numerical analysis of the digitized fingerprints revealed 13 AFLP clusters which, in general, clearly supported the current Aeromonas taxonomy derived from DNA homology data. In addition, our results indicated that there is significant genotypic heterogeneity in Aeromonas eucrenophila (HG6), which may lead to a further subdivision of this species. A. allosaccharophila and A. encheleia did not represent a separate AFLP cluster but were found to be genotypically related to HG8/10 and HG6, respectively. In addition, the results of the AFLP analysis also confirmed the phylogenetic findings that A. enteropelogenes and A. ichthiosmia are in fact identical to Aeromonas trota (HG13) and Aeromonas veronii (HG8/10), respectively. The results of this study clearly show that the AFLP technique is a valuable new high-resolution genotypic tool for classification of Aeromonas species and also emphasize that this powerful DNA fingerprinting method is important for bacterial taxonomy in general.
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Analysis of Thermophilic Clades within the Genus Streptomyces by 16S Ribosomal DNA Sequence Comparisons
More LessAlmost complete sequences of the 16S rRNA genes of eight representative thermophilic streptomycetes were determined following the isolation and cloning of the amplified genes. These sequences were aligned with those of representative mesophilic streptomycetes, and phylogenetic trees were inferred by using four tree-making algorithms. The thermophilic streptomycetes formed two distinct clades that were supported by high bootstrap values based on 1,000 resamplings. One clade encompassed Streptomyces macrosporus and related species, and the second clade included Streptomyces thermodiastaticus and allied taxa. The relationships between the organisms were not markedly influenced by the different tree-making methods, but the rooting of the tree was sensitive to the choice of the outgroup strain. It is evident from this study that the thermophilic streptomycetes do not merit recognition as a distinct taxon within the genus Streptomyces.
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Characterization of Lactobacilli by Southern-Type Hybridization with a Lactobacillus plantarum pyrDFE Probe
More LessLactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus pentosus, and Lactobacillus paraplantarum (M.-C. Curk, J.-C. Hubert, and F. Bringel, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46:595–598, 1996) can hardly be distinguished on the basis of their phenotypes. Unlike L. plantarum and L. paraplantarum, L. pentosus ferments glycerol and xylose but not melezitose. We identified two L. pentosus strains (CNRZ 1538 and CNRZ 1544) which ferment glycerol and melezitose but not xylose. α-Methyl-d-mannoside was fermented by 66% of the L. plantarum strains tested but not by L. paraplantarum strains. In this paper we describe a simple method to identify L. plantarum, L. pentosus, and L. paraplantarum. This method is based on nonradioactive Southern-type hybridization between Bgl I DNA digests of the lactobacilli tested and a DNA probe (L. plantarum pyrDFE genes from strain CCM 1904). A total of 68 lactobacilli were classified into five groups on the basis of the bands detected. Two groups contained L. plantarum strains; one of these groups contained 31 strains, including the type strain, and was characterized by bands at 7, 4, and 1 kb, and the other group contained strain LP 85-2 and was characterized by bands at 5 and 1.1 kb. Only one band (a band at around 7 kb) was detected in the strains belonging to the L. pentosus group, and two bands (at 4 and 1 kb) were found in the strains belonging to the L. paraplantarum group. No hybridization was detected in the last group, which contained Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus coryniformis, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, and Lactobacillus leichmannii strains.
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Lactobacillus paraplantarum sp. nov., a New Species Related to Lactobacillus plantarum
More LessFour strains of facultatively heterofermentative lactobacilli isolated from beer and human feces have physiological characteristics similar to those of Lactobacillus plantarum. Unlike 66% of the L. plantarum strains tested (F. Bringel, M.-C. Curk, and J.-C. Hubert, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46:588–594, 1996), these strains do not catabolize α-methyl-d-mannoside. However, because they exhibit little DNA relatedness to L. plantarum and Lactobacillus pentosus, these four strains were classified as members of a new species, Lactobacillus paraplantarum; strain CNRZ 1885 (= CIP 104668) is the type strain.
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Emendation of the Genus Cytophaga and Transfer of Cytophaga agarovorans and Cytophaga salmonicolor to Marinilabilia gen. nov.: Phylogenetic Analysis of the Flavobacterium-Cytophaga Complex
More LessA 16S rRNA sequence analysis revealed that the genera Cytophaga, Flavobacterium, and Flexibacter are all polyphyletic and should be redefined and reorganized. Cytophaga hutchinsonii, the type species of the genus Cytophaga, belongs to a lineage that also contains Cytophaga aurantiaca. The genus Cytophaga is emended so that it contains only these two species, which decompose distinctly crystalline cellulose. Cytophaga salmonicolor and Cytophaga agarovorans form a lineage which is intermediate between other aerobic species and anaerobic bacteroides. Phenotypically, these organisms are characterized by being facultative anaerobes, inhabiting marine environments, and containing menaquinone-7 and spermidine. We propose that C. salmonicolor and C. agarovorans should be transferred to the genus Marinilabilia gen. nov. as Marinilabilia salmonicolor comb. nov. and Marinilabilia agarovorans comb. nov., respectively.
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Transfer of Thermus ruber (Loginova et al. 1984), Thermus silvanus (Tenreiro et al. 1995), and Thermus chliarophilus (Tenreiro et al. 1995) to Meiothermus gen. nov. as Meiothermus ruber comb. nov., Meiothermus silvanus comb. nov., and Meiothermus chliarophilus comb. nov., Respectively, and Emendation of the Genus Thermus
More LessOn the basis of phylogenetic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic distinctiveness, we formally propose that the species of the genus Thermus that have low optimum growth temperatures, Thermus ruber, Thermus silvanus, and Thermus chliarophilus, should be reclassified in the genus Meiothermus gen. nov. as Meiothermus ruber comb. nov., Meiothermus silvanus comb. nov., and Meiothermus chliarophilus comb. nov., respectively. An emended description of the genus Thermus is also presented.
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16S Ribosomal DNA Sequence Analysis Confirms the Close Relationship between the Genera Xanthobacter, Azorhizobium, and Aquabacter and Reveals a Lack of Phylogenetic Coherence among Xanthobacter Species
More LessA comparative 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence analysis was used to investigate the phylogenetic position of members of the genus Xanthobacter. We determined 16S rDNA sequence data for the type strains of the three Xanthobacter species and five additional Xanthobacter strains. The close relationship between the genera Xanthobacter, Azorhizobium, and Aquabacter previously demonstrated by DNA-rRNA hybridization studies was confirmed. The results of our phylogenetic analysis indicate that members of the genera Xanthobacter, Azorhizobium, and Aquabacter are intermixed and that there is no clear generic cluster consisting of the Xanthobacter species. A comparison of the Xanthobacter sequences with the 16S rDNA sequences available from environmental clone studies indicated that members of this genus have not been detected by nonculturing approaches.
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Rickettsia africae sp. nov., the Etiological Agent of African Tick Bite Fever
We propose the name Rickettsia africae sp. nov. (with type strain Z9-Hu) for a distinct species of spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae that is the etiological agent of African tick bite fever in humans. This rickettsia has a distinct natural cycle and can be phenotypically distinguished from the other SFG rickettsiae by microimmunofluorescence serotyping, by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and by Western blotting (immunoblotting). Genotypic differences between R. africae and the other SFG rickettsiae can be demonstrated by PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene.
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- Original Papers Relating To The Systematics Of Yeasts
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Phylogenetic Relationships among Members of the Ascomycetous Yeast Genera Brettanomyces, Debaryomyces, Dekkera, and Kluyveromyces Deduced by Small-Subunit rRNA Gene Sequences
More LessA molecular systematic investigation of members of the ascomycetous yeast genera Brettanomyces, Debaryomyces, Dekkera, and Kluyveromyces was performed by using 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Our comparative sequence analysis revealed that Brettanomyces anomalus and Brettanomyces bruxellensis were closely related to one another and also to their teleomorphs, Dekkera anomala and Dekkera bruxellensis, respectively. Together with Dekkera custersiana and Dekkera naardenensis, these four species formed a stable and distinct phylogenetic group. The three representative species of the genus Debaryomyces examined (viz., Debaryomyces castellii, Debaryomyces hansenii, and Debaryomyces udenii) were found to be genealogically highly related to each other and exhibited a specific phylogenetic affinity (level of sequence similarity, approximately 99.2%) with Candida guilliermondii (telemorph, Pichia guilliermondii). Debaryomyces species and C. guilliermondii formed a distinct phylogenetic group, which displayed a significant association with a phylogenetically coherent cluster encompassing Lodderomyces elongisporus, Candida albicans, and four other Candida species. In contrast to the situation with the genera Brettanomyces and Debaryomyces, the genus Kluyveromyces displayed very marked phylogenetic heterogeneity. Kluyveromyces polysporus, the type species of the genus Kluyveromyces, and six other Kluyveromyces species (viz., Kluyveromyces africanus, Kluyveromyces delphensis, Kluyveromyces lodderae, Kluyveromyces thermotolerans, Kluyveromyces waltii, and Kluyveromyces yarrowii) were phylogenetically intermixed with species of the genera Zygosaccharomyces, Saccharomyces, and Torulaspora. In contrast, Kluyveromyces aestuarii, Kluyveromyces dobzhanskii, Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces wickerhamii, and three Kluyveromyces marxianus varieties, along with their anamorph, Candida kefyr, formed a highly stable monophyletic group worthy of separate generic status. Kluyveromyces blattae and Kluyveromyces phaffii formed two distinct phylogenetic lines that did not exhibit particularly close affinity with each other or other ascomycetous yeast genera. Our phylogenetic findings are discussed in the context of the results of other genotypic and phenotypic studies.
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Saccharomyces rosinii sp. nov., a New Species of Saccharomyces Sensu Lato (van der Walt)
More LessStrains of the phenotypically similar species Saccharomyces castellii, Saccharomyces dairensis, and Saccharomyces transvaalensis, recently separated on the basis of DNA base sequence homologies and electrophoretic karyotypes, have been reexamined by techniques of conventional taxonomy. While the limited physiological differences observed are somewhat restrictive for species distinction, it is possible to separate some of these taxa by using a minimal number of macromolecular and phenotypic criteria. Two strains formally classified as S. dairensis constitute a new species since, while having minimal nucleotide base sequence homology with the other species, they were found to have a 97% DNA-DNA reassociation rate with each other. This species is described as Saccharomyces rosinii in honor of Gianfranco Rosini, late professor of enology and microbiology of the University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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- Matters Relating To The International Committee On Systematic Bacteriology
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Irregularities in the Validation of the Genus Thermodesulfobacterium and Its Species
More LessWe propose that the date of valid publication of the name Thermodesulfobacterium mobile Rozanova and Pivovarova should be considered the date in 1995 when Zeikus et al. validated the names of the genus Thermodesulfobacterium and its type species, Thermodesulfobacterium commune, and that the name of the organism described by Rozanova and Pivovarova, which is based on type strain VKM V-1128 (= DSM 1276), should be Thermodesulfobacterium thermophilum.
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- Author's Correction
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