- Volume 64, Issue Pt_12, 2014

A non-motile and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain 02SUJ3T, was isolated from freshwater collected from the Juam Reservoir (Republic of Korea). Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, oxidase-negative and catalase-positive. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The strain contained MK-7 as the major isoprenoid quinone. The main polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G+C content was 46.4 mol%. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain 02SUJ3T forms an independent lineage within the genus Flavisolibacter with low sequence similarity to Flavisolibacter ginsengiterrae Gsoil 492T and Flavisolibacter ginsengisoli Gsoil 643T (95.7 %). Phenotypic characteristics distinguished strain 02SUJ3T from members of the genus Flavisolibacter . On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strain 02SUJ3T is considered to represent a novel species, for which the name Flavisolibacter rigui sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 02SUJ3T ( = JCM 17515T = KCTC 23328T). An emended description of the genus Flavisolibacter is also provided.

A Gram-staining-negative, rod-shaped, red strain, HME8457T, was isolated from a freshwater stream located in the Republic of Korea. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain HME8457T formed a lineage within the genus Pedobacter . Strain HME8457T was most closely related to species of the genus Pedobacter : Pedobacter daechungensis Dae 13T (96.4 % sequence similarity), Pedobacter lentus DS-40T (95.3 %), Pedobacter terricola DS-45T (94.9 %), Pedobacter glucosidilyticus 1-2T (94.2 %) and ‘Pedobacter soyangensis’ HME6451 (93.6 %). The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 (28.8 %), summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c; 21.7 %), iso-C17 : 0 3-OH (7.7 %) and anteiso-C15 : 0 (6.2 %). The only respiratory quinone was MK-7. Polar lipid analysis revealed the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid and two unidentified polar lipids. Sphingolipid was present. The DNA G+C content was 33.3 mol%. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strain HME8457T represents a novel species of the genus Pedobacter , for which the name Pedobacter rivuli sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is HME8457T ( = KACC 17312T = CECT 8291T).

Strain JC245T was isolated from a sand sample, and appeared as dark pink colonies on agar plates with cells staining Gram-negative. Catalase and oxidase activities were positive. Casein was hydrolysed while chitin, gelatin and starch were not. Major (>5 %) fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, C16 : 1ω5c, C16 : 1ω6c/C16 : 1ω7c, anteiso-C17 : 1 B/iso-C17 : 1 I and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. Strain JC245T contained phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified lipids as the major polar lipids, with minor amounts of four unidentified lipids and an unidentified amino lipid. Bacterial hopane derivatives and adenosylhopane were the major hopanoids. Hydroxyflexixanthin was identified as one of the major carotenoids of strain JC245T along with five unidentified carotenoids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 52.5 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons indicated that strain JC245T represents a member of the genus Hymenobacter within the family Cytophagaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes . Strain JC245T shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Hymenobacter roseosalivarius AA-718T (98.3 %) and other members of the genus Hymenobacter (<95.1 %). However, strain JC245T showed 21±2 % relatedness (based on DNA–DNA hybridization) with H. roseosalivarius DSM 11622T. Distinct morphological, physiological and genotypic differences from previously described taxa support the classification of strain JC245T as a representative of a novel species in the genus Hymenobacter , for which the name Hymenobacter roseus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JC245T ( = KCTC 42090T = LMG 28260T).

A novel Gram-staining-negative, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain containing flexirubin-type pigments, designated S31T, was isolated from bank-side soil of the Xixi wetland in Zhejiang province, China. Growth occurred at 10–37 °C (optimum, 32 °C), pH 6–8 (optimum, pH 7) and with 0–2 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1 %). Strain S31T shared highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with Epilithonimonas lactis H1T (96.2 %) and Chryseobacterium molle DW3T (96.4 %). Phylogenetic analysis suggested that strain S31T was a member of the genus Epilithonimonas . The dominant respiratory quinone was MK-6 and the DNA G+C content was 33.3 mol%. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1ω7c) and anteiso-C15 : 0. The major polar lipids of strain S31T were phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified aminolipids and four unidentified polar lipids. Based on its phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics and phylogenetic data, strain S31T represents a novel species of the genus Epilithonimonas , for which the name Epilithonimonas xixisoli sp. nov. (type strain S31T = CGMCC 1.12802T = NBRC 110387T) is proposed.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated HME7524T, was isolated from freshwater of Gyeong-an stream in Korea. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain HME7524T formed a distinct lineage within the genus Flavobacterium and exhibited high sequence similarity with Flavobacterium chungangense CJ7T (96.9 %), Flavobacterium aquidurense WB-1.1.56T (96.9 %), Flavobacterium tructae 435-08T (96.9 %) and Flavobacterium granuli Kw05T (96.9 %). The major fatty acids of strain HME7524T were iso-C15 : 0 (26.5 %) and summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c; 17.4 %). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids and three unidentified polar lipids. The major respiratory quinone was MK-6. The DNA G+C content of strain HME7524T was 34.2 mol%. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strain HME7524T represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium , for which the name Flavobacterium gyeonganense sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is HME7524T ( = KACC 17688T = CECT 8365T). Emended descriptions of Flavobacterium chungangense , Flavobacterium aquidurense , Flavobacterium tructae and Flavobacterium granuli are also provided.

A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, endospore-forming, aerobic bacterial strain, designated M327T, was isolated from the weathered surfaces of rock (mica schist) from Susong, Anhui Province, PR China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain M327T belonged to the genus Paenibacillus and was related most closely to Paenibacillus terrigena A35T (98.6 % similarity) and Paenibacillus selenitireducens ES3-24T (98.3 %). Strain M327T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major menaquinone. The main fatty acids of strain M327T were anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The polar lipid profile contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, three unknown aminophospholipids and an unknown lipid. The total DNA G+C content of strain M327T was 48.6 mol%. Based on the low level of DNA–DNA relatedness (ranging from 26.6 to 33.1 %) to these type strains of species of the genus Paenibacillus and unique phenotypic characteristics, it is suggested that strain M327T represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus , for which the name Paenibacillus susongensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is M327T ( = CCTCC AB 2014058T = LMG 28236T = JCM 19951T).

Four strains of Gram-staining-positive, anaerobic rods were isolated from the faeces of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Three strains, KZ01T, KZ02 and KZ03, were isolated at the Kyoto City Zoo, Japan, and one strain, GG02, was isolated in the Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon. These strains were investigated taxonomically. These strains belonged to the Lactobacillus reuteri phylogenetic group according to phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and specific phenotypic characteristics. Phylogenetic analysis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains KZ01T, KZ02, KZ03 and GG02 formed a single monophyletic cluster and had a distinct line of descent. Based on sequence similarity of the 16S rRNA gene, Lactobacillus fermentum JCM 1173T (96.6 %) was the closest neighbour to these novel strains, although it was clear that these strains belonged to a different species. Partial pheS sequences also supported these relationships. DNA–DNA relatedness between strain KZ01T and L. fermentum JCM 1173T was less than 22 % and the DNA G+C content of strain KZ01T was 50.7 mol%. The cell-wall peptidoglycan type was A4β (l-Orn–d-Asp) and the major fatty acids were C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω9c and C19 : 1 cyclo 9,10. Therefore, based on phylogenetic, phenotypic and physiological evidence, these strains represent a novel species of the genus Lactobacillus , for which the name Lactobacillus gorillae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KZ01T ( = JCM 19575T = DSM 28356T).

A Gram-staining-positive, spore-forming, obligately anaerobic, acetogenic bacterium, designated LAM1030T, was isolated from methanogenic consortia enriched from biogas slurry collected from the large-scale anaerobic digester of Modern Farming Corporation in Hebei Province, China. Cells of strain LAM1030T were motile, straight or spiral-rod-shaped. Strain LAM1030T could utilize glucose, fructose, maltose, galactose, lactose, sucrose, cellobiose, mannitol, pyruvate, succinic acid and tryptophan as the sole carbon source. Acetic acid, isovaleric acid and butanoic acid were the main products of glucose fermentation. Sodium sulfite was used as an electron acceptor. Growth of strain LAM1030T was completely inhibited by the addition of ampicillin, tetracycline, gentamicin or erythromycin at a concentration of 20 µg ml−1. The main polar lipids of strain LAM1030T were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, 11 unknown glycolipids and two unknown phospholipids. No respiratory quinone was detected. The major fatty acids of strain LAM1030T were C16 : 0 (21.1 %), C14 : 0 (10.3 %), summed feature 9 (including C16:0 10-methyl and/or iso-C17:1 ω9c) (11.3% ), summed feature 3 (including C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c) (10.6% ) and iso-C15 : 0 (6.6 %). Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain LAM1030T belonged to the genus Clostridium and was most closely related to Clostridium subterminale DSM 6970T, Clostridium thiosulfatireducens DSM 13105T and Clostridium sulfidigenes DSM 18982T, with 97.0, 96.9 and 96.8 % similarity, respectively. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain LAM1030T was 31.2±0.3 mol%. On the basis of its phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic characterization, strain LAM1030T is suggested to represent a novel species of the genus Clostridium , for which the name Clostridium huakuii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LAM1030T ( = ACCC 00698T = JCM 19186T).

A novel red-pigmented bacterial strain, designated NIO-1016T, was isolated from a sediment sample from Chorao Island, India and was investigated by a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The strain was Gram-reaction-positive, strictly aerobic, motile and catalase-positive and produced spherical to slightly ellipsoidal endospores with subterminal position on swollen sporangia. The genomic DNA G+C content was 46.9 mol%. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 0. The predominant quinones were MK-6 (89.3 %) and MK-7 (8.7 %). The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and an unidentified phospholipid. meso-Diaminopimelic acid (type A1γ) was present in the cell-wall peptidoglycan and the major whole-cell sugars were glucose and ribose. The closest phylogenetic neighbours were identified as Domibacillus robiginosus DSM 25058T (98.0 % similarity) and Domibacillus indicus DSM 28032T (97.2 % similarity), other species of the genus Bacillus displayed below 96 % similarity. Phylogenetic, physiological, biochemical and morphological differences between strain NIO-1016T and its closest neighbours indicate that this strain represents a novel species in the genus Domibacillus in the family Bacillaceae for which the name Domibacillus enclensis sp. nov. is proposed with the type species NIO-1016T ( = DSM 25145T = NCIM 5462T = CCTCC AB 2011121T).

A halophilic actinomycete, strain R4S8T, was isolated from soil of Inche-Broun hypersaline wetland in the north of Iran. The isolate grew aerobically at temperatures of 30–50 °C (optimum 40 °C), pH 6–10 (optimum pH 7.0) and in the presence of 1–15 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 3–5 %). It formed short and straight to moderately flexuous aerial mycelium without motile elements. The cell wall of strain R4S8T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diamino acid without any diagnostic sugars. The polar lipid pattern consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine two unknown phospholipids and one unknown aminophospholipid. It synthesized anteiso-C15 : 0 (44.8 %), iso-C15 : 0 (28.8 %) and iso-C14 : 0 (8.5 %) as major fatty acids. MK-6 was the predominant respiratory quinone. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 52.6 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain R4S8T belongs to the family Thermoactinomycetaceae and showed the closest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Desmospora activa IMMIB L-1269T (95.5 %) and Marininema mesophilum SCSIO 10219T (95.3 %). On the basis of phylogenetic analysis and phenotypic characteristics, strain R4S8T represents a novel species in a new genus within the family Thermoactinomycetaceae , for which the name Salinithrix halophila gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is R4S8T ( = IBRC-M 10813T = CECT 8506T).

A Gram-staining-positive, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated strain LAM0410T, was isolated from an oil-contaminated water sample from the Dagang Oilfield, PR China. The temperature and pH ranges for growth were 4 °C to 50 °C and pH 4.4 to pH 12.0, respectively. The strain did not need NaCl for growth, but could tolerate a concentration of up to 12 % (w/v). Cell wall hydrolysates from the isolate showed that the diamino acid was ornithine. The cell wall sugars contained ribose and galactose. The glycan moiety of the cell wall contained N-glycolyl residues. The major respiratory quinones were MK-10, MK-11 and MK-12. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and nine unknown glycolipids. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the isolate belonged to the genus Microbacterium and was closely related to Microbacterium sediminis MCCC 1A06153T and Microbacterium murale DSM 22178T with 97.5 % and 97.4 % sequence similarities, respectively; while the DNA–DNA hybridization values were 33.1±3.4 % and 21.8±1.6 %, respectively. The DNA G+C content was 67.4 mol%, as determined by the T m method. Based on its phenotypic and genotypic properties, strain LAM0410T represents a novel species of the genus Microbacterium , for which the name Microbacterium petrolearium sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is LAM0410T ( = ACCC 00719T = JCM 19612T).

The type and clinical strains of two recently described coagulase-negative species of the genus Staphylococcus, Staphylococcus petrasii and Staphylococcus jettensis , were compared using dnaJ, tuf, gap, hsp60 and rpoB gene sequences, DNA–DNA hybridization, ribotyping, repetitive sequence-based PCR fingerprinting and extensive biochemical characterization. Based on the results, the species description of S. petrasii has been emended and S. jettensis should be reclassified as a novel subspecies within S. petrasii for which the name Staphylococcus petrasii subsp. jettensis subsp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SEQ110T ( = LMG 26879T = CCUG 62657T = DSM 26618T = CCM 8494T).

An alkaliphilic actinobacterial strain, designated EGI 80099T, was isolated from a rhizosphere soil sample of Reaumuria soongorica found in the desert soils of Fukang, Xinjiang, north-west China. Cells of strain EGI 80099T were Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, non-endospore-forming cocci. The predominant menaquinones were MK-7, MK-8 and MK-9. The major cellular fatty acids (>10 %) were anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. Analysis of the cell wall showed the presence of peptidoglycan of the type l-Lys–Gly–l-Glu, variation A4α. Cells of the isolate contained phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, an unknown phospholipid and an unidentified glycolipid as polar lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 63.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain EGI 80099T belongs to the genus Nesterenkonia , sharing 95.68–97.37 % sequence similarities with the type strains of recognized species within this genus. DNA–DNA hybridization of strain EGI 80099T with the type strains of species that showed the highest sequence similarities, Nesterenkonia aethiopica DSM 17733T (97.37 %), Nesterenkonia flava CAAS 251T (97.23 %) and Nesterenkonia xinjiangensis YIM 70097T (97.02 %), gave relatedness values of 8.7–62.2 %. Data from DNA–DNA hybridizations and physiological and biochemical tests indicated that strain EGI 80099T represents a novel species of the genus Nesterenkonia , for which the name Nesterenkonia rhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EGI 80099T ( = BCRC 16947T = JCM 19129T).

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain NEAU-yn17T, was isolated from a soil sample collected at the wastewater discharge site of a pesticide factory in Harbin, northern China, and characterized using a polyphasic approach. Morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of strain NEAU-yn17T were consistent with the description of the genus Saccharothrix , such as the spore arrangement, the diamino acid of the peptidoglycan, the whole-cell hydrolysates, the predominant menaquinone and the phospholipid profile. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences demonstrated that strain NEAU-yn17T should also be classified in the genus Saccharothrix , with Saccharothrix saharensis DSM 45456T (99.52 % sequence similarity) and Saccharothrix xinjiangensis JCM 12329T (99.04 %) as the nearest phylogenetic relatives. A combination of DNA–DNA hybridization results and some phenotypic characteristics indicated that strain NEAU-yn17T can be distinguished from its closest relatives. Therefore, strain NEAU-yn17T represents a novel species of the genus Saccharothrix , for which the name Saccharothrix carnea sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-yn17T ( = CGMCC 4.7097T = DSM 45878T).

A novel actinobacterial strain, designated Z1R7T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from Burgazada, in the Marmara Sea (Turkey), and the strain identity was determined using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The organism had chemotaxonomic and morphological properties consistent with its classification in the genus Streptomyces and it formed a distinct phyletic line in the 16S rRNA gene tree, together with the type strains Streptomyces specialis GW41-1564T (95.76 %), Streptomyces mayteni YIM 60475T (95.64 %), Streptomyces hainanensis YIM 47672T (95.53 %), Streptomyces hoynatensis S1412T (95.29 %), Streptomyces avicenniae MCCC 1A01535T (94.74 %), Streptomyces sedi YIM 65188T (94.59 %) and Streptomyces zhaozhouensis NEAU-LZS-5T (94.68 %). Chomotaxonomic data revealed that strain Z1R7T possesed MK-9 (H8) as the predominant menaquinone, ll-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid, and galactose, glucose and ribose as whole cell sugars. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phoshphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol were the predominant polar lipids; iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0 were the major fatty acids, and the genomic DNA G+C content was 69.4 mol%. On the basis of these genotypic and phenotypic data, it is proposed that isolate Z1R7T ( = KCTC 29434T = DSM 42126T) should be classified in the genus Streptomyces as Streptomyces burgazadensis sp. nov.

A novel Gram-stain-positive, short rod-shaped, non-flagellated and mesophilic strain, KIS12-7T, isolated from a soil sample collected from Daecheong-Island in Ongjin County, Republic of Korea, was studied using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic trees based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the novel strain was a member of the genus Gryllotalpicola , showing more than 97.0 % sequence similarity with Gryllotalpicola daejeonensis RU-04T (98.0 %), Gryllotalpicola koreensis RU-16T (97.7 %) and Gryllotalpicola kribbensis PU-02T (97.3 %). However, DNA–DNA relatedness values demonstrated that strain KIS12-7T could be clearly distinguished from closely related species of the genus Gryllotalpicola . The cell-wall peptidoglycan of strain KIS12-7T was of the type B2 and the acyl type was acetyl. The predominant menaquinones were MK-11 and MK-10. Polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, one unknown phosphoglycolipid, one unknown glycolipid, one unknown phospholipid and one unknown lipid. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 72.1 mol%. On the basis of the evidence presented, strain KIS12-7T is a representative of a novel species of the genus Gryllotalpicola , and the name Gryllotalpicola soli sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is KIS12-7T ( = DSM 27182T = KACC 17302T = NBRC 109659T).

Strain KIS2-16T was isolated from a soil sample collected from Daecheong Island of Incheon region, South Korea. KIS2-16T was Gram-staining-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming, non-motile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative and mesophilic. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain KIS2-16T represented a member of the genus Nocardioides , being most closely related to the type strains of species of the genus Nocardioides , Nocardioides maradonensis RP-B30T (97.8 % sequence similarity) and Nocardioides ultimimeridianus RP-B26T (97.0 %). The fatty acid profile of KIS2-16T was dominated by C18 : 1ω9c, C17 : 1ω8c, C16 : 0, C18 : 0 10-methyl (TBSA), C16 : 0 2-OH and C17 : 0 2-OH. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-8(H4), and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol. The peptidoglycan structure was A3γ-type with ll-diaminopimelic acid. The genomic DNA G+C content of KIS2-16T was 64.9 mol%. Strain KIS2-16T showed DNA–DNA hybridization values of less than 70 % with the closely related species of the genus Nocardioides . Based on phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, the isolate represents a novel species of the genus Nocardioides , for which the name Nocardioides daecheongensis sp. nov. (type strain KIS2-16T = DSM 27136T = KACC 17297T = NBRC 109597T) is proposed.

A novel actinomycete, designated strain TRM 49590T, was isolated from a soil sample from Lop Nur in Xinjiang Province, China. Strain TRM 49590T was aerobic, Gram-staining-positive, with an optimum NaCl concentration for growth of 1.5 % (w/v) and an optimum temperature for growth of 28–37 °C. The aerial mycelium was sparse, cylindrical and smooth-surfaced with irregular branches on ISP medium 4. The whole-cell sugars of strain TRM 49590T were ribose and glucose. The diagnostic diamino acid contained ll-diaminopimelic acid. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H8), with MK-9(H4) and MK-10(H6) present in smaller amounts. The major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 62.2 mol%. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain TRM 49590T belongs to the genus Streptomyces with a sequence similarity of 97.16 % with the most closely related species Streptomyces sodiiphilus . Based on these observations, strain TRM 49590T is proposed to represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces for which the name Streptomyces lopnurensis sp. nov. is suggested. The type strain is TRM 49590T ( = CCTCC AA 2013018T = NRRL B59109T).

The morphology, ontogeny and SSU rRNA gene-based phylogeny of Bistichella cystiformans spec. nov., isolated from the slightly saline soil of a mangrove wetland in Zhanjiang, southern China, were investigated. The novel species was characterized by having five to eight buccal cirri arranged in a row, three to five transverse cirri, four macronuclear nodules aligned, and 17–32 and 20–34 cirri in frontoventral rows V and VI, respectively, both extending to the transverse cirri. The main ontogenetic features of the novel species were as follows: (1) the parental adoral zone of the membranelles is completely inherited by the proter; (2) the frontoventral and transverse cirri are formed in a six-anlagen mode; (3) basically, the frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen II–V generate one transverse cirrus each at their posterior ends, while anlage VI provides no transverse cirrus; (4) both marginal rows and dorsal kineties develop intrakinetally, no dorsal kinety fragment is formed; and (5) the macronuclear nodules fuse into a single mass at the middle stage. Phylogenetic analyses based on the SSU rRNA gene showed that the novel species groups with the clade containing Bistichella variabilis, Parabistichella variabilis, Uroleptoides magnigranulosus and two species of the genus Orthoamphisiella. Given present knowledge, it was considered to be still too early to come to a final conclusion regarding the familial classification of the genus Bistichella; further investigations of key taxa with additional molecular markers are required.