- Volume 69, Issue 5, 2019

A Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, motile, aerobic, curved rod shaped bacterium, designed strain C51T, was isolated from coral (genus Porites) sampled at Weizhou Island, China. The optimal growth occurred in 2-3 % NaCl (w/v), at 25 °C and pH 8. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene, the gyrB gene and the Up-to-date Bacterial Core Gene set (92 genes) indicated that strain C51T forms a stable cluster with Shewanella spongiae KCTC 22492T, and had 94 % 16S rRNA gene similarity to its closest type strain S. spongiae KCTC 22492T. The only detected respiratory quinone was Q-8 and it could not produce menaquinone. The genome DNA G+C content was 40.1 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C_11:0 3-OH, iso-C_15:0, C_16:0, C_16:1ω7c/ω6c, C_18:0 and iso-C_13:0 3-OH. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified aminolipids and three unidentified polar lipids. Its low genome DNA G+C content, lack of an aminolipid and a difference in its substrate oxidation ability indicated that strain C51T should represent a new species. Furthermore, its distinct phylogeny, Shewanella-specific FISH probe SHEW227 mismatch, lower cellular G+C content and inability to produce menaquinones indicated that the C51T clade should represent a new genus in the Shewanellaceae , for which the name Parashewanella gen. nov. is proposed, the type species is Parashewanella spongiae comb. nov., and another species is Parashewanella curva sp. nov. The type strains of Parashewanella spongiae and Parashewanella curva are HJ039T (=KCTC 22492T=KCCM 42304T=JCM 13830T) and C51T (=MCCC 1K03463T=KCTC 62318T), respectively.

Strain DHOC27T is a Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, light yellow-pigmented and rod-shaped bacterium isolated from the forest soil of Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, Guangdong Province, PR China. It grew at 4–37 °C (optimal 28–33 °C), pH 4.0–8.5 (optimal 4.5–6.0) and 0–1.5 (optimal 0–0.5) % (w/v) NaCl. The results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain formed a clade with Paraburkholderia phenazinium LMG 2247T, Paraburkholderia. sartisoli LMG 24000T and Paraburkholderia. pallidirosea DHOK13T, with a sequence similarity of 98.5, 97.5 and 98.1 % to the above strains, respectively. The DNA G+C content of DHOC27T was 62.3 mol%. The digital DNA–DNA relatedness values and the average nucleotide identities between strain DHOC27T and P. phenazinium LMG 2247T and P. sartisoli LMG 24000T were 26.9 and 24.3 % and 82.3 and 79.9 %, respectively. C_16 : 0, C_17 : 0 cyclo and C_19 : 0 cyclo ω8c were the major fatty acids, and ubiquinone-8 was the major respiratory quinone detected, all of which supported the affiliation of DHOC27T to the genus Paraburkholderia . On the basis of the data presented above, strain DHOC27T represents a novel species of the genus Paraburkholderia and the name Paraburkholderia telluris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DHOC27T (=LMG 30263T=GDMCC 1.1281T).

A Dyella -like bacterium was previously isolated from the planthopper Hyalesthes obsoletus (Hemiptera). Based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence, strain DHoT was assigned to the family Rhodanobacteraceae with Dyella and Frateuria as its closest relatives. The closest 16S rRNA gene sequences were Frateuria aurantia DSM 6220T (98.2 %), Dyella thiooxydans ATSB10T (98 %), Dyella terrae JS14-6T (97.8 %) and Dyella marensis CS5-B2T (97.8 %). Strain DHoT is a Gram-negative, aerobic, motile, yellow-pigmented, rod-shaped bacterium. Strain DHoT cells grew well at 28–30 °C and at pH 6.5–7.5 on a nutrient agar plate. DNA–DNA hybridization showed that the relatedness between strain DHoT and D. jiangningensis strain SBZ3-12T, and F. aurantia DSM 6220T was 42.7 and 42.6 %, respectively. Ubiquinone Q-8 was the predominant respiratory quinone, and the major fatty acids (>10 %) were iso-C_15 : 0, iso-C_16 : 0 and iso-C_17 : 0. In silico analysis based on phylogenetics and sequence identity at the nucleotide and protein levels suggests that Frateuria is the closest known relative of strain DHoT. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain DHoT was designated as a novel species of the genus Frateuria , for which the name Frateuria defendens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DHoT (=NCCB 100648T; =DLBT=DSM 106169T).

Strain HBUAS61001T was isolated from the pickling sauce used to make a traditional fermented food product, datoucai, in China. The strain belonged to the genus Vibrio , but was placed in a clade separate from any known Vibrio species based on the 16S rRNA gene and MLSA results. The genome consisted of two chromosomes: chromosome I was 2 901 449 bp long with a G+C content of 45.4 mol%; and chromosome II was 1 107 930 bp long with a G+C content of 45.5 mol%. The most abundant fatty acids were C_16 : 0 (28.1 %), summed feature 3 (C_16 : 1ω7c and/or C_16 : 1ω6c, 29.4 %) and summed feature 8 (C_18 : 1ω7c and/or C_18 : 1ω6c, 10.1 %). The isoprenoid quinones detected were Q7 and Q8. The predominant polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Strain HBUAS61001T could grow in the presence of up to 17 % NaCl. The calculated average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA–DNA hybridization (GGDC) values of the strain against the closest related type strains were all lower than 95 and 70 %, respectively. Putative genes in the genome associated with survival under high salinity stress were identified. Based on whole genome sequence analysis and phenotypic characteristics, strain HBUAS61001T is a new species in the genus Vibrio , and the name Vibrio zhugei (=GDMCC 1.1416T=KCTC 62784T) is proposed.

A novel Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterial strain, RYU5T, was isolated from a stool sample of an inpatient at a hospital in Okinawa, Japan. The optimal growth temperature of RYU5T was 30 °C. Phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of housekeeping genes, including the 16S rRNA, rpoB, rpoD and gyrB genes, showed that RYU5T was a member of the Pseudomonas putida group and was located close to Pseudomonas monteilii and P. putida . Whole-genome comparisons, using average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization, confirmed that strain RYU5T should be classified as a novel species of Pseudomonas . Phenotypic characterization tests showed that utilization of d-mannose, d-serine, l-arabinose and d-fructose could distinguish this strain from other related species of the genus Pseudomonas . Based on genetic and phenotypic evidence, strain RYU5T should be classified as a novel species, for which the name Pseudomonas asiatica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RYU5T (=DSM 107182T, =JCM 32716T), with a DNA G+C content of 62.25 mol%.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated M2T2B2T, was isolated from fermented bovine products in Suwon, Republic of Korea. The strain displayed growth at 15–45 °C (optimum, 28–30 °C), pH 6.0–10.0 (pH 7.0) and 0–2 % (w/v) NaCl (0 %). Colonies were light pink-coloured, round and convex. The cells were positive for oxidase and weakly positive for catalase. The major fatty acids in whole cells of strain M2T2B2T were summed feature 8 (C_18 : 1 ω7c and/or C_18 : 1 ω6c), followed by summed feature 3 (C_16 : 1 ω7c/C_16 : 1 ω6c), summed feature 2 (C_12 : 0 aldehyde/unidentified 10.928/C_14 : 0 3-OH/iso-C_16 : 1 I), C_16 : 0, C_18 : 1 2-OH, C_16 : 0 3-OH and C_17 : 1 ω6c. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, and three unidentified aminolipids. Ubiquinone 10 was the predominant ubiquinone. The DNA G+C content was 68.0 mol%. The strain could fix atmospheric nitrogen, which was evaluated by the acetylene reduction assay. Further, whole genome sequence analysis revealed the presence of a nif gene cluster. Strain M2T2B2T showed the highest 16S rRNA, rpoD and nifH gene sequence similarity to members of the genus Azospirillum , and showed 97.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Azospirillum oryzae COC8T. The phenotypic, phylogenetic and genomic analyses support the proposal of strain M2T2B2T as being a novel species of the genus Azospirillum , for which the name Azospirillum ramasamyi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is M2T2B2T (=KACC 14063T=NBRC 106460T).

Three strains of a Gram-stain negative bacterium were isolated from Lake Michigan water. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain 1131 had sequence similarities to Bosea vaviloviae LMG 28367T, Bosea lathyri LMG 26379T, Bosea lupini LMG 26383T, Bosea eneae CCUG 43111T, Bosea vestrisii CCUG 43114T and Bosea massiliensis CCUG 43117T of 99.8, 99.1, 98.4, 98.4, 98.4 and 98.2 %, respectively. The average nucleotide identity value between strain 1131T and Bosea vaviloviae Vaf-18T was 93.4 % and the DNA relatedness was 38 %. The primary cellular fatty acids of strain 1131T were C_16 : 1ω7c and C_18 : 1ω7c. The primary polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. The major compound in the quinone system was ubiquinone Q-10 and in the polyamine pattern sym-homospermidine was predominant. Additional phenotypic characteristics included growth at 5–35 °C, pH values of pH 5.5–8.0, a salt tolerance range of 0.0–1.2 % (w/v), and production of an unknown water soluble brown pigment. After phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genomic analyses, this isolate was identified as a novel species for which the name Bosea psychrotolerans is proposed. The type strain is 1131T (NRRL B-65405=LMG 30034).

A Gram-stain-negative, facultatively aerobic bacterial strain, designated DB1506T, of the family Acetobacteraceae , was isolated from an air-conditioning system in the Republic of Korea. Colonies were pink- to rosy-coloured and cells were non-motile cocci with catalase- and oxidase-positive activities. Growth of strain DB1506T was observed at 20–37 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 5.5–8.5 (pH 7.0) and in the presence of 0–0.5 % (w/v) NaCl (0 %). Strain DB1506T contained summed feature 8 (comprising C_18 : 1 ω7c and/or C_18 : 1 ω6c) and C_18 : 1 2-OH as major fatty acids and ubiquinone-10 as the sole isoprenoid quinone. Phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified phospholipids, unidentified aminolipids and unidentified polar lipids were detected as major polar lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA calculated from the whole genome sequence was 72.5 mol%. Strain DB1506T was most closely related to Paracraurococcus ruber NS89T, Dankookia rubra WS-10T and Siccirubricoccus deserti SYSU D8009T with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 96.01, 95.88 and 95.44 %, respectively, but strain DB1506T formed a clearly distinct phylogenic lineage from them within the family Acetobacteraceae . On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular properties, strain DB1506T represents a novel species of a new genus within the family Acetobacteraceae , for which the name Roseicella frigidaeris gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DB1506T (=KACC 19791T=JCM 32945T).

A Gram-stain-negative, facultative anaerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated LX32T, was isolated from arsenic and cadmium contaminated farmland soil. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain LX32T was closely related to Phenylobacterium hankyongense HKS-05T (97.7 % sequence similarity), Phenylobacterium kunshanense CCTCC AB 2013085T (97.4 %) and Phenylobacterium deserti CCTCC AB 2016297T (97.1 %). The average nucleotide identity values of the whole genome sequences of LX32T/P. hankyongense HKS-05T, LX32T/P. kunshanense CCTCC AB 2013085T and LX32T/P. deserti CCTCC AB 2016297T were 79.8, 77.9 and 77.5 %, respectively. Its genome size was 4.02 Mb, comprising 3998 predicted genes with a DNA G+C content of 70.1 mol%. The major fatty acids were C_15 : 0, C_16 : 0 and summed feature 8 (comprising C_18 : 1ω7c and/or C_18 : 1ω6c). The polar lipid profiles consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, aminophospholipid, seven glycolipids and two unidentified polar lipids. The predominantly respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10. Based on polyphasic analyses, the isolate is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Phenylobacterium , for which the name Phenylobacterium soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LX32T (=KCTC 62522=CCTCC AB 2018055).

Two Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore forming and rod-shaped bacterial strains, designated DHOM06T and 7MK8-2T, were isolated from forest soil sampled at Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, Guangdong Province, PR China. Strain DHOM06T grew at 12–37 °C (optimum, 28–33 °C), pH 4.5–7.5 (pH 5.5) and in the presence of 0–0.5 % NaCl (w/v); while strain 7MK8-2T grew at 12–42 °C (28–33 °C), pH 4.0–8.5 (pH 4.5–5.5) and in the presence of 0–1.0 % NaCl (w/v). Strains DHOM06T and 7MK8-2T each has a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 97.1–98.9 % as well as 97.4–97.9 % to Trinickia strains, respectively. In the 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogram, both strains and all five currently described Trinickia species formed a clade but they were all distinct from each other. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values for strains DHOM06T and 7MK8-2T and all Trinickia species were in the range of 77.4–82.6 % and 21.7–26.2 %, respectively. The DNA G+C content of DHOM06T and 7MK8-2T was 63.2 and 63.5 mol%, respectively, based on total genome calculations. These two strains contained ubiquinone 8 as the major respiratory quinone and C_16 : 0, C_17 : 0cyclo, C_19 : 0cyclo ω8c, summed feature 3 (C_16 : 1 ω7c/C_16 : 1 ω6c) and summed feature 8 (C_18 : 1 ω7c/C_18 : 1 ω6c) as the major cellular fatty acids. The major polar lipids of DHOM06T and 7MK8-2T were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic and genomic analysis data, strains DHOM06T and 7MK8-2T represent two novel species of the genus Trinickia , for which the names Trinickia dinghuensis sp. nov. (type strain DHOM06T=GDMCC 1.1280T=LMG 30259T) and Trinickia fusca sp. nov. (type strain 7MK8-2T=GDMCC 1.1449T=KCTC 62469T) are proposed.

A Gram-stain-negative strain, designated GT1R17T, was isolated from an ervoconite sample collected from Gawalong glacier in the Tibet Autonomous Region, PR China. Strain GT1R17T was catalase- and oxidase-positive, and grew optimally at 20–25°C and pH 7.0. The highest level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities were found to members of the genera Nevskia (92.27–93.15 %) and Hydrocarboniphaga (91.92–92.96 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and genomic data revealed that the strain GT1R17T belonged to the family Nevskiaceae , but could not be assigned to any known genera. The genomic DNA G+C content was 54.4 mol%. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C_16 : 1ω6c and/or C_16 : 1ω7c), summed feature 8 (C_18 : 1  ω7c and/or C_18 : 1ω6c), C_16 : 0, iso-C_16 : 0 and summed feature 2 (C_14 : 0 3OH and/or iso-C_16 : 1 I). The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified lipid. The ubiquinone was Q-8. On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, a novel species of a new genus,Stenotrophobiumrhamnosiphilum gen. nov., sp. nov. within the family Nevskiaceae , is proposed, with GT1R17T (=CGMCC 1.16137T=NBRC 113346T) as the type strain. In addition, phylogenetic analyses revealed that Steroidobacter and Povalibacter formed an independent clade in the order Nevskiales and were away from the families Nevskiaceae , Algiphilaceae and Salinisphaeraceae . Therefore, we propose to remove Steroidobacter and Povalibacter from the family Nevskiaceae and propose a new family Steroidobacteraceae in the order Nevskiales .

A novel Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated NS26T, was isolated from a sediment sample collected from Taihu Lake in China. Colonies were orange, circular, smooth and neat-edged on Reasoner’s 2A agar. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain NS26T belonged to the genus Brevundimonas and had the closest relationship with Brevundimonas halotolerans DSM 24448T (96.9 %). It grew at 20–37 °C (optimum, 28 °C), pH 5.5–10.5 (pH 7.0) and without NaCl. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. The dominant cellular fatty acids were C_18 : 1ω7c, C_16 : 0 and C_18 : 1ω7c 11-methyl. The polar lipid profile comprised 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(6-phosphatidyl-α-d-glucopyranosyl) glycerol, 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-α-d-glycopyranuronosyl glycerol, sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol, 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[d-glycopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-d-glucopyranuronosyl] glycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 68.4 mol%. The average nucleotide identity value between strain NS26T and B. halotolerans DSM 24448T was 75.6 %. Based on the polyphasic taxonomic study, strain NS26T is suggested to be a novel species, for which the name Brevundimonas lutea sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NS26T (=CGMCC 1.13680T=NBRC 113554T).

Alteromonas indica IO390401T was compared with Salinimonas sediminis N102T to examine the taxonomic relationship between the two type strains. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of A. indica IO390401T shared high similarity (99.9 %) with that of S. sediminis N102T. The results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the two strains formed a tight cluster within the genus Salinimonas . Whole genomic comparison between the two strains revealed an average nucleotide identity of 99.2 % and a digital DNA–DNA hybridization estimate of 92.6 %, strongly indicating that the two strains represented a single species. In addition, neither strain displayed any striking difference in metabolic, physiological or chemotaxonomic features. Therefore, we propose Alteromonas indica as a later heterotypic synonym of Salinimonas sediminis .

A novel Gram-stain-negative, motile, rod-shaped (0.4–0.5×1.0–2.0 µm) strain with one polar flagellum, designated SY39T, was isolated from seawater in Sanya, China. Strain SY39T was able to grow at 15–40 °C (optimum, 35–37 °C), pH 6.5–8.5 (pH 8.0) and 0.5–6.0 % (w/v) NaCl (3.5 %). Chemotaxonomic analysis showed that the isoprenoid quinones were Q-8 (88.6 %) and Q-7 (11.4 %). The dominant fatty acids were C_16 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C_16 : 1 ω7c/C_16 : 1 ω6c). The polar lipids of strain SY39T consisted of diphosphatidyglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unknown phosphoglycolipid, one unknown glycolipid and two unknown aminophosphoglycolipids. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 66.5 mol%. The phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain SY39T belongs to the genus Azoarcus with similarity ranging from 92.3 to 95.2 %. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic features, strain SY39T is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Azoarcus , for which the name Azoarcus pumilus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SY39T (=KCTC 62157T=MCCC 1K03430T).

A Gram-stain-negative, obligate aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterium, designated MME-070T, was isolated from a tidal flat near Muui-do, Incheon, Republic of Korea. This bacterium belonged to the Roseobacter clade within the family Rhodobacteraceae . The isolate grew at 20–40 °C, pH 7.0–9.0 with 1–5 % (w/v) NaCl. Optimal growth required 2–3 % (w/v) NaCl at 25–30 °C and pH 8.0. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain MME-070T was most closely related to Roseovarius aestuarii SMK-122T (96.9 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain MME-070T clustered with the genus Roseovarius . The sole respiratory quinone was Q-10. Polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, diphosphatidylglycerol, unidentified aminolipid and some unidentified lipids. Major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C_18 : 1 ω7c and/or C_18 : 1 ω6c), 11-methyl C_18 : 1 ω7c and C_16 : 0. The genomic DNA G+C content of the type strain was 63.6 mol%. Based on polyphasic taxonomic analysis, strain MME-070T is proposed to represent a novel species of the genus Roseovarius , for which the name Roseovarius faecimaris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MME-070T (=KCCM 43142T=JCM 30757T).

A Gram-stain-negative, short rod-shaped, non-motile, catalase- and oxidase-positive, aerobic bacterium, designated GY0581T, was isolated from marine sediment sampled from the Western Pacific Ocean. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain GY0581T belonged to the genus Paracoccus and had the highest levels of sequence similarity to Paracoccus sediminis JCM 18467T (98.2 %). Levels of similarity between strain GY0581T and other Paracoccus species were lower than 97.0 %. The average nucleotide identity and the DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain GY0581T and P. sediminis JCM 18467T were 83.9 and 27 %, respectively, which are below the respective thresholds for species differentiation. The major cellular fatty acid was C_18 : 1ω7c (79.5 %). The only isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. The polar lipid pattern indicated the presence of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, three unidentified phospholipids, three unidentified aminolipids, one unidentified glycolipid and two unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain GY0581T was 65.6 mol%. On the basis of polyphasic characterization, it is concluded that strain GY0581T represents a novel species of the genus Paracoccus , for which the name Paracoccus subflavus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GY0581T (=KCTC 42710T=MCCC 1A10575T).

A Gram-stain-negative, facultative aerobic, motile by a polar flagellum, rod-shaped strain, designated BEI247T, was isolated from seawater at the bottom of the East China Sea. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and whole genome data affiliated it with the genus Photobacterium . It was most closely related to Photobacterium alginatilyticum P03D4T (97.36 % 16S rRNA gene similarity). Multi-locus sequence analysis (MLSA) revealed a distinct lineage with P. alginatilyticum P03D4T as its closest relative. Strain BEI247T was found to have lower than 86.0 % similarities to the type strains of its most closely related species in MLSA, less than 82.3 % using genome average nucleotide identities, and less than 25.3 % in DNA–DNA relatedness studies. Growth occurred at 10–37 °C (optimum, 24 °C), pH 5.0–8.0 (pH 7.0) and in the presence of 1–5 % (w/v) NaCl (3 %). The dominant fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C_16 : 1ω7c and/or C_16 : 1ω6c) and C_16 : 0. The polar lipids of strain BEI247T comprised phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, two phospholipids and one unknown lipid. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). The DNA G+C content of strain BEI247T was 46.45 mol%. On the basis of the polyphasic evidence, strain BEI247T is proposed as representing a novel species of the genus Photobacterium , for which the name Photobacterium chitinilyticum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BEI247T (=JCM 32689T=MCCC 1K03517T=KCTC 62619T).

A Gram-stain-negative, motile, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium with flagella, designated ZX-21T, was isolated from surface seawater of the East Sea in Zhoushan, China. Growth of strain ZX-21T was observed at 10-–35  o°C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 6.0–8.5 (pHoptimum 6.5–7.0) and in the presence of 0.5–8 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 3–4 %). It was positive for oxidase and catalase activity. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain ZX-21T constituted an independent lineage within the family Spongiibacteraceae and was most closely related to Zhongshania guokunii (96.83 %). Strain ZX-21T contained ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) as the sole isoprenoid quinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω77c and/or C16 : 1ω66c), summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω77c and/or C18 : 1ω66c) and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. Phosphatidylglycerol (), phosphatidylethanolamine (), diphosphatidylglycerol () and an unidentified glycolipid were the major cellular polar lipids. The DNA G+C content was 49.1 mol%. Based on itsthe morphological, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain ZX-21Tis described as a novel species in a novel genus for whichwith the name Marortus luteolus gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain ZX-21T = MCCC 1K03431T=KCTC 62160T) is proposed.

Two aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strains, designated as DHOA06T and 4 M-K27T, were isolated from soil samples collected from the forest of Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, Guangdong Province, PR China (112° 31′ E 23° 10′ N). Strains DHOA06T and 4 M-K27T grew at pH 4.5–7.0 (optimum, pH 5.0–6.0) and pH 4.5–6.5 (pH 6.0), respectively. Both strains grew at 12–37 °C (optimum, 28 °C) and NaCl levels up to 1.0 % (optimum 0 %, w/v). Phylogenetic analysis based on both 16S rRNA gene sequences and the concatenated partial atpD, gyrB andlepA gene sequences showed that strains DHOA06T and 4 M-K27T formed two isolated clades with members of the genus Dyella, but they each occupied a distinctive position within the genus. Strains DHOA06T and 4 M-K27T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Dyellacaseinilytica DHOB09T (98.7 %) and Dyellaacidisoli 4M-Z03T (98.8 %), respectively. DNA–DNA hybridization values of strains DHOA06T/DHOB09T and 4 M-K27T/4M-Z03T were 27.4±2.4 % and 38.8±1.0 %, respectively. Ubiquinone-8 was the only respiratory quinone detected in both strains. Their major fatty acids consisted of iso-C_15 : 0, iso-C_16 : 0 and iso-C_17 : 1 ω9c, and strain DHOA06T had iso-C_17 : 0 in addition. Their polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified aminophospholipid, one unidentified phospholipid and two unidentified aminolipids, and strain DHOA06T had phosphatidylmethylethanolamine and one unidentified lipid in addition. The DNA G+C contents of strains DHOA06T and 4 M-K27T were 59.1 and 61.7 mol%, respectively. Based on the above results, we propose that strains DHOA06T and 4 M-K27T represent two novel species of the genus Dyella , namely Dyelladinghuensis sp. nov. (type strain DHOA06T = KCTC 52129T=NBRC 111978T) and Dyellachoica sp. nov. (type strain 4 M-K27T=GDMCC 1.1189T=LMG 30267T).