- Volume 32, Issue 1, 1982
Volume 32, Issue 1, 1982
- Book Reviews
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- Original Papers Relating To Systematic Bacteriology
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Rhodococcus luteus nom. nov. and Rhodococcus maris nom. nov
More LessTwo groups of bacteria isolated from natural substrates were assigned to the genus Rhodococcus Zopf 1891, emend. Goodfellow and Alderson 1977. We propose the name Rhodococcus luteus nom. nov. for the first group, which corresponds to the description of the organism previously known as “Mycobacterium luteum” Söhngen 1913. The type strain of R. luteus is IMV 385 (= AUCNM A-594). The name proposed for the second group of strains, which corresponds to the description of the organism previously known as “Flavobacterium maris” Harrison 1929, is Rhodococcus maris nom. nov. The type strain of R. maris is IMV 195 (= AUCNM A-593). The properties of the two species are described, and the characters useful for the identification of the species are given.
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Identification of “Micrococcus candidus” ATCC 14852 as a strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis and of “Micrococcus caseolyticus” ATCC 13548 and Micrococcus varians ATCC 29750 as Members of a New Species, Staphylococcus
More LessComparative chemical, biochemical, and in vitro genetic analyses of “Micro-coccus candidus” ATCC 14852, “M. caseolyticus” ATCC 13548, and M. varians ATCC 29750 have demonstrated that these strains were misidentified and that they should be assigned to the genus Staphylococcus. (Names in quotation marks are not on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names, have not been validly published since 1 January 1980, and therefore do not have nomenclatural standing.) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA-hybridization experiments and other physiological and biochemical data indicated that “M. candidus” ATCC 14852 is a strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis. High DNA homology values also revealed that “M. caseolyticus” ATCC 13548 and M. varians ATCC 29750 are related to each other at the species level. Although they differ from most staphylococci in their production of class II fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase and in their cytochrome composition, they are, on the basis of their cell wall compositions, the low guanine + cytosine contents of their DNAs, and the results of DNA-ribosomal ribonucleic acid hybridization studies, genuine members of the genus Staphylococcus. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments demonstrated that they are not closely related to any of the known Staphylococcus species. It is proposed that these organisms represent a new species, namely, S. caseolyticus. Strain ATCC 13548 is the type strain.
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Identification of Bacteroides Species by Cellular Fatty Acid Profiles
More LessThe total acid hydrolysates of 160 strains representing 12 species and subspecies of Bacteroides were analyzed for cellular fatty acids by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. Fatty acid profiles were analyzed mathematically to generate ratios among selected components. Certain of these ratios appeared to be characteristic, permitting separation of the species and subspecies tested.
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Taxonomy of the Genus Veillonella Prévot
More LessResults of deoxyribonucleic acid homology studies of 116 strains of Veillonella Prévot, representing the two species and seven subspecies currently recognized in this genus, showed seven deoxyribonucleic acid homology groups distinct at the species level. Because the type strains of V. parvula subsp. parvula and V. alcalescens subsp. alcalescens had high homology, we regard V. alcalescens Prévot 1933 as a later subjective synonym of V. parvula (Veillon and Zuber, 1896) Prévot 1933. The species V. parvula, V. dispar (Rogosa) comb. nov., V. atypica (Rogosa) comb. nov., V. rodentium (Rogosa) comb. nov., V. ratti (Rogosa) comb. nov., V. criceti (Rogosa) comb. nov., and V. caviae sp. nov. (type strain, ATCC 33540) are recognized. Because most strains of V. criceti produced acid in peptone-yeast extract-fructose media, the genus description is emended to include strains that ferment fructose.
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Demonstration of Phylogenetic Relatedness Among Members of the Genus Bifidobacterium by Means of the Enzyme Transaldolase as an Evolutionary Marker
More LessAntisera prepared against the purified transaldolases of five species of Bifidobacterium were used to establish natural relationships among the 21 species that presently comprise this genus. The degree of phylogenetic relatedness among the respective members of this genus was estimated from the results of qualitative and quantitative immunological procedures in which the enzymes served as an evolutionary marker. The results are presented in the form of a phylogenetic dendrogram.
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid Homologies of Lactobacillus amylophilus and Other Homofermentative Species
More LessThe deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) relatedness between a newly described, homofermentative species, Lactobacillus amylophilus, and a broad spectrum of homofermentative lactobacilli was determined. A low range of DNA reassociation levels (5 to 33%) was observed between L. amylophilus and those species (L. amylovorus, L. bulgaricus, L. casei, L. coryniformis, L. delbrueckii, L. helveticus, L. salivarius, and L. xylosus) with which it shared one or more phenotypic characteristics (such as the production of mainly l-(+)-lactic acid from glucose, hydrolysis of starch, the sugar fermentation pattern) or which had a guanine plus cytosine content of 45 mol%. A lack of DNA relatedness (6 to 20% reassociation) was noted between L. amylophilus and 10 other homofermentative lactobacilli. A DNA reassociation of 90 to 98% was measured among the tested strains of L. amylophilus. Purified cell walls of L. amylophilus contained alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and lysine, but no diaminopimelic acid. The low DNA relatedness indicated that the L. amylophilus strains were not highly related genetically to the established homofermentative species and, hence, that they represent strains of a distinct genospecies.
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Cell Wall Analysis of Gardnerella vaginalis (Haemophilus vaginalis)
More LessThin-layer chromatography was used to examine the amino acid and carbohydrate composition of the cell wall of the type strain of Gardnerella vaginalis and 11 clinical isolates. All strains contained alanine, glutamic acid, glycine, lysine, glucose, galactose, and another sugar tentatively identified as 6-deoxytalose. The amino acid composition of G. vaginalis cell walls was found to be like that of a gram-positive bacterium.
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Taxonomy of the Neisseriae: Fatty Acid Analysis, Aminopeptidase Activity, and Pigment Extraction
More LessThe cellular fatty acids of reference strains of most of the currently recognized species of Neisseria and Branhamella species were examined. Analysis of fatty acids with chain lengths of over 12 carbons supported the division of the species into two groups. Group I, comprised of N. meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae, N. flava, N. subflava, N. perflava, N. sicca, N. mucosa, N. lactamica, and N. cinerea, contains methyl laurate, methyl palmitoleate, methyl palmitate, methyl oleate, and, often, methyl myristate as principal fatty acids. Group II, represented by N. caviae, N. cuniculi, N. ovis, and B. catarrhalis, contains large amounts of a 17-carbon fatty acid with a retention time similar to those of methyl-14, methyl hexadecanoate, methyl heptadecanoate, and, often, methyl stearate in addition to those fatty acids found in group I organisms. The greatest distinction between the two groups was the percentage of major fatty acids with chain lengths greater than 16 carbons. Aminopeptidase activity was most useful in differentiating N. meningitidis from N. gonorrhoeae. N. cuniculi, N. ovis, N. caviae, and B. catarrhalis had similar aminopeptidase reactions. Pigment profiles were of limited taxonomic value but were useful in differentiating between selected pigmented species.
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Taxonomy of the Neisseriae: Deoxyribonucleic Acid Base Composition, Interspecific Transformation, and Deoxyribonucleic Acid Hybridization
More LessDeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) base composition, intergenic transformation efficiency, and DNA hybridization were used to determine the relatedness of a variety of established or proposed species of Neisseria and Branhamella. These studies indicated that these bacteria form three genetic groupings. Group I, comprised of N. meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae, N. subflava, N. flava, N. perflava, N. sicca, N. mucosa, N. cinerea, N. flavescens, N. lactamica, N. elongata, N, canis, and N. denitrificans, was characterized by DNA base compositions ranging between 49.3 and 55.6 mol% guanine plus cytosine. Group II, comprised of N. cuniculi, N. caviae, and N. ovis, was characterized by DNA base compositions ranging between 45.3 and 47.3 mol% guanine plus cytosine. Group III, comprised of one species, B. catarrhalis, was characterized by DNA base compositions between 41 and 42 mol% guanine plus cytosine. Transformation and DNA hybridization results revealed that members of each group, with few exceptions, exhibited high DNA homology with other members of the same group but most often distinctly lower levels of homology with members of a different group. These data suggest that N. ovis, N. caviae, and N. cuniculi may be significantly different from other neisseriae and from branhamellae to warrant their separation in a distinct genus.
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Mycobacterium shimoidei sp. nov., nom. rev., a Lung Pathogen
More Less“Mycobacterium shimoidei” Tsukamura, Shimoide, and Schaefer 1975 was not included on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names and has not been validly published since 1 January 1980; hence, it does not have standing in bacterial nomenclature. The organism is here regarded as a distinct species of the genus Mycobacterium, and the name Mycobacterium shimoidei is revived for the same organism to which this name was originally applied. The type strain is strain E4796 (= ATCC 27962).
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Base Compositions and Homologies of Deoxyribonucleic Acids of Corynebacteria Isolated from Human Leprosy Lesions and of Related Microorganisms
P. DANHAIVE, P. HOET and C. COCITOThe deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs) of 25 strains of leprosy-derived corynebacteria (LDC)—non-acid-fast, gram-positive bacteria independently isolated from human leprosy lesions and propagated in axenic culture—were purified and analyzed. The guanine plus cytosine content, by buoyant density determination, was 54 to 59 mol% for most LDC strains, a range that corresponds to that (50 to 60 mol%) of corynebacteria which multiply in animal cells. These values were checked by chromatographic analyses of acid digests of the DNAs. The taxonomic position of the LDC as determined by DNA base composition was confirmed by the results of the corynomycolic acid determinations of the cell walls of the LDC. The results of the hybridization of the DNAs from the LDC strains suggest the occurrence of two high-homology groups, in which most of the strains were accommodated. In contrast, little homology was observed between the DNAs of the LDC and the reference corynebacteria employed. From these data, it can be inferred that the LDC represent a homogeneous and unique cluster of organisms within the genus Corynebacterium, more specifically within the group of corynebacteria pathogenic for humans.
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Clostridium perenne and Clostridium paraperfringens: Later Subjective Synonyms of Clostridium barati
More LessIdentical electrophoretic patterns of cellular proteins were detected with ATCC 27638, ATCC 25782, and ATCC 27639, the type strains of Clostridium barati (Prévot 1938) Holdeman and Moore 1970, C. perenne (Prévot 1940) McClung and McCoy 1957, and C. paraperfringens Nakamura et al. 1970, respectively, all of which are cited in the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names. The morphological and biochemical reactions of these strains and of other reference strains of these species were also similar. On these bases, it is herein proposed that these three names are synonyms. According to the rules of the Bacteriological Code, in those cases in which names on the Approved Lists compete for priority, the priority is determined by the date of the original publication of the name before 1 January 1980. According to our interpretation of this rule, the specific epithet “barati” has priority. The correct name of this organism, then, is Clostridium barati, and C. perenne and C. paraperfringens are later subjective synonyms.
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Validation of the Name Alteromonas luteoviolacea
More LessThe name Alteromonas luteo-violaceus [sic] Gauthier 1976 was not included on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names and thus has no standing in nomenclature. Therefore, the name is herein validly published, and the original description is amended. The specific epithet has been corrected to “luteoviolacea.” The type strain of A. luteoviolacea is CH130 (= ATCC 33492).
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Isolation and Characterization of an Anaerobic, Cellulolytic Bacterium, Clostridium papyrosolvens sp. nov
More LessClostridium papyrosolvens, a new species of cellulolytic, sporeforming, anaerobic bacteria, is described. The colonies produced by these bacteria in cellulose agar roll-tubes were spherical, translucent, unpigmented, and of granular appearance. Single cells of the bacterium were straight rods, 0.5 to 0.8 μm by 2 to 5 μm, peritrichous, and motile. Spherical terminal spores 1 to 1.2 μm in diameter were formed. Fermentation products from cellulose included hydrogen, carbon dioxide, ethanol, acetate, and lactate. The deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of the type strain of C. papyrosolvens, NCIB 11394, is 30 mol% guanine plus cytosine. The specific epithet papyrosolvens reflects the ability of the organism to ferment filter paper.
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Spiroplasma mirum, a New Species from the Rabbit Tick (Haemaphysalis leporispalustris)
More LessThree spiroplasma strains recovered from rabbit ticks (Haemaphysalis leporispalustris) in Georgia and Maryland were found to be similar in biochemical, serological, and pathological properties. The organisms grew at temperatures of 20 to 37°C, required cholesterol for growth, fermented glucose, hydrolyzed arginine, and produced a film and spot reaction. The three spiroplasma strains were serologically distinct from the one established species (Spiroplasma citri) in the genus and from all other unclassified spiroplasma serogroups presently known. On the basis of these findings and other morphological, biological, and serological properties of the organism, it is proposed that spiroplasma strains with these characteristics be classified as a new species, Spiroplasma mirum. Strain SMCA (ATCC 29335) is the type strain.
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Characterization and Taxonomic Description of Five Mycoplasma Serovars (Serotypes) of Avian Origin and Their Elevation to Species Rank and Further Evaluation of the Taxonomic Status of Mycoplasma synoviae
More LessCharacterization of the reference strains of avian mycoplasma serovars (serotypes) C, D, F, I, and L, namely CKK (= ATCC 33553 = NCTC 10187), DD (= ATCC 33550 = NCTC 10183), WR1 (= ATCC 33551 = NCTC 10186), 695 (= ATCC 33552 = NCTC 10185), and 694 (= ATCC 33549 = NCTC 10184), respectively, indicates that the serovars are distinct species, and the following names have been suggested for them: M. pullorum, M. gallinaceum, M. gallopavonis, M. iowae, and M. columbinasale, respectively. The above-mentioned reference strains are designated as the type strains of their respective species. Further biochemical and serological examination of the properties of Mycoplasma synoviae also confirm this to be a separate species.
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Streptomyces capillispiralis sp. nov
More LessA Streptomyces isolate that produces a cephalosporin C-4 carboxymethyl esterase is proposed as a new species, Streptomyces capillispiralis. The key characteristics of this species are gray spore mass color, spiral spore chains, and hairy spores. When simultaneous laboratory comparisons were made with cultures of similar Streptomyces species, the new isolate differed from them significantly. The type strain of S. capillispiralis is A49492 (= NRRL 12279). A separate paper dealing with the carboxymethyl esterase of this organism will be published in the future.
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Bacteroides oris and Bacteroides buccae New Species from Human Periodontitis and Other Human Infections
More LessBacteroides oris and B. buccae, two new species isolated from periodontal pockets and the superficially cleaned tooth surface coronal to the gingival margin, from various types of human infections, and from chicken intestinal contents are described. They were obligately anaerobic, gram-negative, nonpigmenting, non-motile, non-spore-forming rods that did not grow well in 10% bile and that fermented carbohydrates. Although we had previously identified many of these strains as members of B. ruminicola subsp. brevis biovar (biotype) 3 (Holdeman et al. [ed.], Anaerobe Laboratory Manual, 4th ed., 1977), in the present study, we found that the strains had no deoxyribonucleic acid homology with the type strains of B. ruminicola subsp. ruminicola or B. ruminicola subsp. brevis. The strains also had no deoxyribonucleic acid homology with the type strain of B. oralis. ATCC 27518, which we deposited as representative of human isolates of B. ruminicola subsp. brevis biovar 3, is now identified as a strain of B. oris. The type strains of B. oris and B. buccae are B. oris ATCC 33573 and B. buccae ATCC 33574, respectively.
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Volume 74 (2024)
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