- Volume 35, Issue 2, 1985
Volume 35, Issue 2, 1985
- Book Reviews
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Book Review
More LessThe Yeasts—a Taxonomic Study, 3rd revised and enlarged ed. Edited by N. J. W. Kreger-van Rij. Elsevier Science Publishers R.V., Amsterdam, 1984, 1, 082 pp., $173.
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- Original Papers Relating To Systematic Bacteriology
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Isolation and Characterization of Methanogenium aggregans sp. nov.
More LessA new mesophilic methanogenic bacterium was isolated from a sewage sludge digestor. The cells were irregular cocci (diameter, 0.5 to 2.0 μm) and occurred singly or in small aggregates. Adjacent cells did not appear to touch, even in aggregates. This bacterium was not motile and did not possess flagella. Colonies appearing after 1 week of incubation were white and 1 mm in diameter. Older colonies were yellow and up to 4 mm in diameter. The organism used H2-CO2 or formate as an energy source. Acetate and either yeast extract or Trypticase peptone were required for growth. The optimum pH for growth was between 6.5 and 7.0. The NaCl requirement for methanogenesis was less than 0.2 g/liter. The deoxyribonucleic acid base composition was 52 mol% guanine plus cytosine. This isolate is named Methanogenium aggregans sp. nov., and the type strain (strain MSt) has been deposited in the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen as strain DSM 3027.
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Methylophaga marina gen. nov., sp. nov. and Methylophaga thalassica sp. nov., Marine Methylotrophs
More LessAfter enrichment in a medium containing sea water and methanol, 42 methylotrophic strains were isolated. All of these strains were gram-negative, strictly aerobic, motile, rod-shaped organisms that required vitamin B12. None grew on methane or on complex nutrient media supplemented or not supplemented with NaCl. All but 2 strains grew on methanol, methylamine, and fructose, 17 strains grew on dimethylamine, and 10 strains grew on trimethylamine. Fructose was the only multicarbon compound tested that was used as a growth substrate. All 11 strains tested used the ribulose monophosphate pathway of carbon assimilation. Depending on the strain, methylamine was oxidized either through a methylamine dehydrogenase or through a methylglut-amate dehydrogenase. The mean guanine-plus-cytosine content of 33 strains was 43 mol%. Based on deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization, two related groups were identified among 11 strains examined. We propose a new genus, Methylophaga, with two species, Methylophaga marina (type species) and Methylophaga thalassica. There was no significant deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization between Methylophaga and the terrestrial obligate methanol utilizers tested. The type strains of M. marina and M. thalassica are strains ATCC 35842 (= NCMB 2244) and ATCC 33146 (= NCMB 2163), respectively.
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Relationships of Frankia Isolates Based on Deoxyribonucleic Acid Homology Studies
More LessA molecular approach was used to examine the genetic relatedness of 19 Frankia isolates by measuring the extent of deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid homology and the fidelity of hybrid duplex molecules. The Frankia isolates examined were divided into two groups based on the results of hybridization tests. The members of genogroup 1, consisting of isolates from Alnus, Myrica, and Comptonia host plants, exhibited high levels of homology (67.4 to 94.1%) with strain ArI4, an isolate from Alnus rubra. Isolates from Elaeagnus, Ceanothus, Purshia, and Casuarina and isolate AirI2 from Alnus did not exhibit significant homology (less than 39%) with strain ArI4. None of the strains showed a high degree of homology with strain EuIla (less than 33%), an isolate from Elaeagnus umbellata. Among the isolates not belonging to genogroup 1, subgroupings seemed to exist, as evidenced by a very high level of homology (97%) between two isolates from Casuarina, strains D11 and the G2, but a low level of homology (27%) between other strains and strain G2. Thermal stability studies of the hybrid deoxyribonucleic acids which showed high levels of homology revealed an average mismatch of 3%, whereas the low-homology duplexes exhibited about 5% mismatch. The genome molecular weights of two probe Frankia strains, strains ArI4 and EuIla, were 8.3 × 109 and 6.0 × 109, respectively.
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid Relatedness Among Selected Strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, Mycobacterium microti, and Mycobacterium africanum
More LessDeoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs) of selected strains of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, including strains of M. tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, M. bovis BCG, Mycobacterium microti, and Mycobacterium africanum, were isolated and analyzed spectrophotometrically. The genome molecular weight and the guanine-plus-cytosine content of the DNA samples were approximately 1.9 × 109and 62.9 mol%, respectively. DNA relatedness among the strains was studied by both spectrophometric DNA hybridization and restriction endonuclease cleavage methods. All strains of the four species showed more than 90% DNA relatedness, except for slightly lower levels (85 to 89%) of relatedness between M. microti and some strains of M. bovis, M. bovis BCG, or M. africanum. The distribution patterns of the DNA fragments produced with restriction enzymes, such as EcoRI, EcoRV, BglII, BclI, and KpnI, were indistinguishable upon agarose gel electrophoresis. In contrast, the levels of DNA relatedness between M. tuberculosis and other slowly growing mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, Mycobacterium haemophilum, Mycobacterium marinum, and Mycobacterium asiaticum, were significantly heterogeneous, ranging from 9 to 53%. My data indicate the extremely close evolutionary relationship among four species of the M. tuberculosis complex.
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid Homology Among Bacillus polymyxa, Bacillus macerans, Bacillus azotofixans, and Other Nitrogen-Fixing Bacillus Strains
More LessDeoxyribonucleic acid homology experiments were performed among representative strains of Bacillus polymyxa, Bacillus macerans, and Bacillus azotofixans and other nitrogen-fixing Bacillus strains identified as B. polymyxa-like. All B. azotofixans strains showed less than 20% homology when B. polymyxa or B. macerans was used as a probe. The range of homology among B. azotofixans strains (strain P3L-5T[T = type strain] was used as the probe) varied from 54 to 100%, indicating that these strains comprise a relatively homogeneous species. Strain Hino appears to be a variant of B. azotofixans because it exhibited only 28 to 44% homology with this species. Strains P3L-2, CR5D-16, and CR5D-23 showed less than 20% homology with B. polymyxa, B. macerans, and B. azotofixans, indicating that these strains do not belong to these species. Additional data will be necessary to fully clarify the taxonomy of these nitrogen-fixing Bacillus strains.
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Clostridium colinum sp. nov., nom. rev., the Causative Agent of Ulcerative Enteritis (Quail Disease) in Quail, Chickens, and Pheasants
More LessThe causative agent of ulcerative enteritis (quail disease) is described, and the name Clostridium colinum is revived for this organism. The type strain is strain 72042 (= ATCC 27770).
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Clostridium populeti sp. nov., a Cellulolytic Species from a Woody-Biomass Digestor
More LessA new anaerobic, mesophilic, sporeforming, cellulolytic bacterium is described. The cells of this organism stained gram negative, were motile rods, and formed terminal oval spores which swelled the cells. Colonies were irregular and opaque, with a yellow-pigmented center. Arabinose, xylose, fructose, galactose, glucose, cellobiose, maltose, sucrose, cellulose, xylan, and pectin served as substrates for growth. H2, CO2, acetate, butyrate, and lactate were produced during growth on cellulose or glucose. Optimal growth occurred at 35°C and pH 7.0. The deoxyribonucleic acid composition was 28 moI% guanine plus cytosine. The name Clostridium populeti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain 743A (= ATCC 35295).
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Chainia kunmingensis, a New Actinomycete Species Found in Soil
More LessWe propose a new species, Chainia kunmingensis. This species is represented by a single isolate from a soil sample obtained in Kunming, Peoples Republic of China. This strain (strain ATCC 35682T[T = type strain]) has the following morphological and chemical properties typical of the genus Chainia: formation of lipid-filled conidia and sclerotia, type I cell wall composition, lack of mycolic acids, type PII phospholipid composition, and deoxyribonucleic acid guanine-plus-cytosine content of 71.3 mol%. Strain ATCC 35682Tdiffers physiologically from all previously described species and thus is considered a new species.
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Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid Cistron Similarities of Phytopathogenic Pseudomonas Species
More LessDeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) hybridizations were carried out between 23S 14C- or 3H-labeled rRNAs from type strains Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 13525, Pseudomonas acidovorans ATCC 15668, Pseudomonas solanacearum ATCC 11696, and Xanthomonas campestris NCPPB 528 and DNA from one or more strains of several taxonomically assigned or unassigned phytopathogenic Pseudomonas species. The strains were assigned to one of the following rRNA branches: (i) the P. fluorescens rRNA branch (the authentic pseudomonads), containing also Pseudomonas agarici, Pseudomonas amygdali, Pseudomonas asplenii, Pseudomonas caricapapayae, Pseudomonas cichorii, Pseudomonas corrugata, Pseudomonas fuscovaginae, Pseudomonas marginalis (P. marginalis pathovar marginalis, P. marginalis pathovar alfalfae, and P. marginalis pathovar pastinacae), Pseudomonas meliae, the Pseudomonas syringae group (including “Pseudomonas aceris,” “Pseudomonas antirrhini,” “Pseudomonas apii,” “Pseudomonas berberidis,” “Pseudomonas cannabina,” “Pseudomonas coronafaciens”, “Pseudomonas eriobotryae,” “Pseudomonas lapsa,” “Pseudomonas maculicela” “Pseudomonas oryzicola,” “Pseudomonas panici,” “Pseudomonas passfflorae,” “Pseudomonas primulae,” “Pseudomonas ribicola,” “Pseudomonas sesami,” “Pseudomonas striafaciens,” P. syringae, “Pseudomonas ulmi,” and “Pseudomonas viburni”), Pseudomonas tolaasii, Pseudomonas viridiflava, and “Pseudomonas washingtoniae;” (ii) the P. solanacearum rRNA branch, containing P. solanacearum, Pseudomonas andropogonis (synonym, “Pseudomonas stizolobii”), Pseudomonas caryophylli, Pseudomonas cepacia, Pseudomonas gladioli (synonyms, “Pseudomonas alliicola” and “Pseudomonas marginata”), Pseudomonas glumae, Pseudomonas rubrisubalbicans, and Pseudomonas woodsii; (iii) the P. acidovorans rRNA branch, containing also “Pseudomonas alboprecipitans” (synonym of Pseudomonas avenae), Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes subsp. citrulli, Pseudomonas rubrilineans, and “Pseudomonas setariae;” and (iv) the Xanthomonas rRNA branch, containing X. campestris, Pseudomonas betle, “Pseudomonas gardneri,” Pseudomonas hibiscicola, “Pseudomonas mangiferaeindicae,” “Pseudomonas viticola,” and “Pseudomonas vitiswoodrowii.” Pseudomonas flectens and Pseudomonas cissicola definitely have to be removed from the genus Pseudomonas. Pseudomonas cattleyae, and “Pseudomonas viridilivida” are heterogeneous and require additional examination.
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Genetic Relationships of Some Fastidious Xylem-Limited Bacteria †
More LessFastidious, gram-negative xylem-limited bacteria were examined for genetic relatedness to each other and to members of the major phytopathogen-containing genera of gram-negative bacteria. All of the xylem-limited bacterial strains studied had deoxyribonucleic acid base compositions of approximately 50.5 mol% guanine plus cytosine and genome molecular weights of 1.4 × 109 ± 0.2 × 109. The results of our deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization experiments suggested that these strains are all related at the species level, but supported distinction at the varietal level, and possibly at the subspecies level between the bacteria causing Pierce’s disease of grapevine and the bacteria causing phony disease of peach, plum leaf scald, and periwinkle wilt. No relatedness was detected between the xylem-limited bacteria and Erwinia chrysanthemi, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, or Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
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Campylobacter mucosalis (Lawson, Leaver, Pettigrew, and Rowland 1981) comb. nov.: Emended Description
More LessSeven strains of Campylobacter sputorum subsp. mucosalis, reference strains of Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter laridis, “Campylobacter hyointestinalis” “Campylobacter fecalis” C. sputorum subsp. sputorum, C. sputorum subsp. bubulus, and Campylobacter nitrofigilis, aerotolerant Campylobacter sp. strain 02790, and catalase-negative or weakly catalase-positive strain CG-1 were compared with C. sputorum subsp. mucosalis type strain NCTC 11000 in deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization experiments. Strain NCTC 11000T (T = type strain) showed a high level of deoxyribonucleic acid homology with all of the C. sputorum subsp. mucosalis strains tested, but no significant homology with any of the other reference strains used, including C. sputorum subsp. sputorum and C. sputorum subsp. bubulus strains. Based on these observations, we propose that C. sputorum subsp. mucosalis be reclassified as Campylobacter mucosalis comb. nov.
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Bacteroides oulorum sp. nov., a Nonpigmented Saccharolytic Species from the Oral Cavity
More LessBacteroides oulorum, a new nonpigmented, saccharolytic species from oral cavities, is described. This species differs both biochemically and chemically from related taxa, such as Bacteroides oralis, Bacteroides buccalis, Bacteroides denticola, Bacteroides veroralis, and Bacteroides pentosaceus. The major fermentation products in glucose broth are acetate and succinate. In common with other members of the genus Bacteroides, all strains contain malate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase, but they differ from some species, such as Bacteroides fragilis, in lacking glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. The long-chain fatty acids are predominantly of the straight-chain saturated, iso- and anteisomethyl branched types, with 12-methyltetradecanoic acid constituting the major acid. Strains of B. oulorum can be clearly distinguished from other oral Bacteroides species by the presence of major amounts of unsaturated menaquinones with 10 isoprene units. The deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of B. oulorum is 45 to 46 mol% guanine plus cytosine. The type strain is WPH 179 (= NCTC 11871).
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Numerical Taxonomy of Nitrogen-Fixing “Decarboxylase-Negative” Vibrio Species Isolated from Aquatic Environments
More LessA total of 95 strains of the genus Vibrio were studied by using numerical taxonomic techniques to determine phenotypic relationships among “decarboxylase-negative” strains, nitrogen-fixing (15N method) strains, and other members of the Vibrionaceae. Taxonomic resemblance was estimated on the basis of 129 tests by using Euclidean distance. Most strains clustered in phena, enabling identification with existing type strains. Nitrogen-fixing strains of Vibrio natriegens were identified, but other nitrogen-fixing isolates could not be assigned to any specific species or biovar
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Notes: Clostridium cylindrosporum (ex Barker and Beck 1942) nom. rev.
More LessThe name “Clostridium cylindrosporum” Barker and Beck 1942 was not included on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names or in Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 8th ed. This name is here revived for the organism to which it originally was applied. It is now validly published in accordance with Rules 27 and 28a and Provisional Rules B2 and B3 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria. The type strain is strain DSM 605.
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Reclassification of Bacteria of the Genus Protomonas Urakami and Komagata 1984 in the Genus Methylobacterium (Patt, Cole, and Hanson) Emend. Green and Bousfield 1983
More LessThe genus Protomonas was proposed to accommodate certain bacteria previously classified in the validly published genus Methylobacterium. No evidence was presented to support the exclusion of these bacteria from the latter genus. Therefore, we propose that bacteria of the genus Protomonas be reclassified in the genus Methylobacterium.
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Lack of Genetic Relatedness Between Mycoplasma alvi and Mycoplasma sualvi
More LessIn hybridization experiments performed with deoxyribonucleic acids extracted from the type strains of Mycoplasma alvi and Mycoplasma sualvi, no hybridization was demonstrated. A representative strain (strain 1161-III) of a supposedly new species that exhibited some resemblance to M. alvi especially showed levels of deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness of less than 4% with both species.
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- Original Papers Relating To The Systematics Of Yeasts
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Pichia deserticola and Candida deserticola, Two New Species of Yeasts Associated with Necrotic Stems of Cacti
More LessWe describe Pichia deserticola and Candida deserticola, two species that have as their habitats necrotic tissues of Opuntia spp. and Stenocereus spp., respectively. Pichia deserticola, 21 strains of which were isolated, is homothallic and occurs in nature exclusively in the diploid state. It produces asci with two hat-shaped spores, which are rapidly released upon maturity. This species is nonfermentative and assimilates few carbon compounds. The guanine-plus-cytosine content range of the nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (eight strains) is 27.4 to 28.4 mol%, and the average ± standard deviation for eight strains is 27.8 ± 0.4 mol%. Candida deserticola, 48 strains of which were isolated, has the same phenotypic properties and deoxyribonucleic acid base composition as P. deserticola, but lacks the ability to produce ascospores and is resistant to triterpene glycosides in growth media. The deoxyribonucleic acids of P. deserticola and C. deserticola show more than 96% homology, but the two species are separated geographically and by host plant. P. deserticola occurs in Opuntia species in southern Arizona and Texas, whereas C. deserticola is found almost exclusively in columnar cacti of the genus Stenocereus on certain Caribbean islands and in Baja California, Mexico. The type strain of P. deserticola is strain UCD-FST 83-467.3 (= ATCC 58091 = CBS 7119), and the type strain of C. deserticola is strain UCD-FST 76-355A (= ATCC 58088 = CBS 7121).
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- Matters Relating To The International Committee On Systematic Bacteriology
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Proposed Rewording of Rule 10C of the Bacteriological Code
More LessIt is proposed that Rule 10C of the Bacteriological Code be reworded slightly to avoid confusion. The name of a subgenus, when included in the name of a species, is indicated by including the abbreviation “subgen.” along with the name of the subgenus [example: Bacillus (subgen. Aerobacillus) polymyxa].
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