- Volume 23, Issue 4, 1973
Volume 23, Issue 4, 1973
- Original Papers Relating To Systematic Bacteriology
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid Reassociation in the Taxonomy of Enteric Bacteria
More LessA brief summary of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) relatedness of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae is presented. The application and utility of DNA relatedness to bacterial taxonomy are discussed in order to stimulate greater awareness and use of this technique. Applications include: (i) the recognition of new taxa; (ii) the identification of grossly atypical strains in a taxon; (iii) the classification of poorly studied groups of organisms; and (iv) changes in existing classifications. Also discussed are the identification and differentiation of bacteria in the clinical laboratory. Guidelines for the molecular definition of species are presented.
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Use of Nucleic-Acid Homologies in the Taxonomy of Anaerobic Bacteria
More LessNucleic acid homology studies are providing a common base for establishing bacterial groups. Few phenotypic characteristics have consistently correlated with homology data among the various groups of organisms that we have investigated. However, there are correlations that are specific for a given group of bacteria such that nucleic-acid homology data can be used to select those phenotypic properties that will be most useful for identification and taxonomic purposes.
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid Reassociation Among Members of the Genus Vibrio
More LessAlthough application of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) reassociation techniques to the classification of vibrios has only recently been employed and, hence, complete data are unavailable, several generalizations regarding the results of such studies can be made. (i) Vibrio cholerae, V. anguillarum, and V. parahaemolyticus show intraspecies polynucleotide sequence variation from 80 to 100% and interspecies relatedness of approximately 20 to 30%. V. parahaemolyticus shows similar intraspecies variation and interspecies relatedness with V. cholerae and V. anguillarum, but considerably higher (60 to 70%) levels of relatedness to V. alginolyticus. It is not possible, at the present time, to place great reliance on other strain or species relatedness for the vibrios. (ii) Very little or no polynucleotide sequence relationship has been demonstrated between members of the genus Vibrio and the genera Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Zymomonas, Cytophaga, and Escherichia. (iii) Based on the results of the majority of the reciprocal reactions presented, there appears to be no significant influence of genome size on DNA reassociation determinations within the genus Vibrio. Nonpathogenic marine vibrios constitute a particularly heterogeneous group with, as yet, no well-defined species.
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Nucleic Acid Homologies in the Genus Pseudomonas
More LessOn the basis of ribosomal ribonucleic acid homologies, the genus Pseudomonas can be divided into at least five distinct groups, some of which are as distantly related to each other as they are to Escherichia coli. One of these groups contains members of the genus Xanthomonas. The data presented support and extend the previous grouping based on deoxyribonucleic acid homologies and support the current view that the portion of the genome coding for ribosomal ribonucleic acid is more conserved in the course of evolution than the bulk of the genome.
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The Genus Spirillum: a Taxonomic Study 1
More LessThe morphological, physiological, and nutritional characteristics and the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) base compositions of 39 strains of Spirillum (including the available type strains) were determined. A uniform methodology provided a basis for comparison of the strains. The results, together with previous serological data and with previous results for two strains of Spirillum volutans, indicate that the present genus Spirillum should be divided into three genera, with the original name being restricted to obligately microaerophilic freshwater forms having a large cell diameter and a DNA base composition of 36 to 38 mol % guanine + cytosine (G + C). This genus would contain at present only one species, the type species, S. volutans. The generic name Aquaspirillum is proposed for the aerobic, freshwater forms having a DNA base composition of 49 to 65 mol % G + C. Thirteen species are included in this genus: the type species A. serpens (Müller) comb. nov.; A. metamorphum (Terasaki) comb. nov.; A. putridiconchylium (Terasaki) comb. nov.; A. sinuosum (Williams and Rittenberg) comb. nov.; A. gracile (Canale-Parola et al.) comb. nov.; A. itersonii (Giesberger) comb. nov.; A. dispar sp. nov.; A. polymorphum (Williams and Rittenberg) comb. nov.; A. aquaticum sp. nov.; A. delicatum (Leifson) comb. nov.; A. peregrinum (Pretorius) comb. nov.; A. anulus (Williams and Rittenberg) comb. nov.; and A. giesbergeri (Williams and Rittenberg) comb. nov. Strains of the latter two species, plus an additional strain (ATCC 12289), appear to be related to one another but should not be included together in a single species without additional supporting evidence (e.g., DNA homology studies). The following are proposed as type or neotype strains: A. serpens ATCC 12638 (neotype); A. metamorphum ATCC 15280 (type); A. putridiconchylium ATCC 15279 (type); A. gracile ATCC 19624 (type); A. itersonii ATCC 12639 (neotype); A. dispar ATCC 27510 (type); and A. aquaticum ATCC 11330 (type). The generic name Oceanospirillum is proposed for marine forms which do not attack carbohydrates and which possess a DNA base composition of 42 to 48 mol % G + C; five species are included. These are as follows: the type species O. linum (Williams and Rittenberg) comb. nov.; O. minutulum (Watanabe) comb. nov.; O. beijerinckii (Williams and Rittenberg) comb. nov.; O. japonicum (Watanabe) comb. nov.; and O. maris sp. nov. The following are proposed as type or neotype strains: O. minutulum ATCC 19192 (neotype); O. japonicum ATCC 19191 (neotype); and O. maris ATCC 27509 (type).
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Taxonomy of Bordetella and Related Organisms of the Families Achromobacteraceae, Brucellaceae, and Neisseriaceae
More LessA numerical taxonomic study was made of strains belonging to the genera Bordetella, Alcaligenes, Brucella, Acinetobacter, Moraxella, Neisseria, Haemophilus, Actinobacillus, and Pasteurella, together with a few strains from allied genera. They were examined for 139 characters covering a wide range of tests and properties. The strains fell into two major groups. Group A contained Haemophilus, Actinobacillus, and Pasteurella. Group B contained eight main clusters, representing, respectively, Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis, Bordetella bronchiseptica combined with Alcaligenes faecalis, Brucella, Acinetobacter anitratus, Acinetobacter Iwoffii, and two clusters containing Moraxella and Neisseria strains. Brucella and the three clusters of Bordetella (including Alcaligenes) were more similar to one another than to the other clusters; it is suggested that the family Brucellaceae should comprise these three genera, and that the other genera should be placed elsewhere.
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Numerical Taxonomy of Haemophilus and Related Bacteria
More LessA numerical taxonomic study of named strains of Haemophilus Winslow et al., Actinobacillus Brumpt, and Pasteurella Trevisan was made using 134 characters covering a wide range of properties. The strains fell into four main clusters. Three of these represented Haemophilus. Cluster 1 contained strains requiring X factor and usually also V factor and corresponded to H. influenzae (Lehmann and Neumann) Winslow et al. and closely allied organisms. Cluster 2 contained strains that required only V factor and corresponded to H. parainfluenza Rivers and similar organisms. Cluster 3 contained strains with a requirement for a raised CO2 tension and contained H. aphrophilus Khairat and H. paraphrophilus Zinnemann. Cluster 4 contained strains of Actinobacillus and Pasteurella but not Yersinia van Loghem. The three genera Actinobacillus, Pasteurella, and Haemophilus have a close phenetic relationship and are facultative anaerobes that can acidify glucose fermentatively. They might best be separated from the other genera of the family Brucellaceae Breed et al.
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Numerical Taxonomy of Saccharolytic Clostridia, Particularly Clostridium perfringens-Like Strains: Descriptions of Clostridium absonum sp. n. and Clostridium paraperfringens
More LessClostridium perfringens-like strains whose taxonomic position is uncertain were examined in detail. The lecithinases of these strains exhibited less avidity to the alpha-antitoxin of C. perfringens than did the C. perfringens lecithinase. On the basis of a computer analysis, the C. perfringens-like strains were grouped into two phenons, I and III, both of which are distinctly separable from C. perfringens (phenon II). Strains previously identified by us as belonging to Clostridium paraperfringens Nakamura et al. 1970, including strain G (= ATCC 27639), here designated as the type strain of C. paraperfringens, were found to belong to phenon I, and the strains of phenon III are regarded as constituting a new species, for which we propose the name Clostridium absonum. The type strain of C. absonum is HA-7103 (= ATCC 27555). The main characters differentiating C. absonum from C. perfringens are as follows: C. absonum produces a lecithinase which exhibits extremely low avidity to C. perfringens alpha-antitoxin, rapidly ferments salicin, does not ferment raffinose, and does not liquefy 10% gelatin; the main characters of C. absonum which differentiate it from phenon I strains are: larger cell width, a distinctly stronger lecithinase reaction, liquefaction of 2% gelatin, production of butanol, and weak toxicity for mice. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA homology studies of phenons I, II, and III confirmed the validity of the above-mentioned groupings. A computer analysis of other saccharolytic clostridia revealed that C. butyricum, C. acetobutyricum, and C. multifermentans are associated by similarity values higher than 90% and that C. septicum and C. chauvoei constitute separate, but closely related, taxa.
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Lactobacterium zeae Kuznetsov, a Later Subjective Synonym of Lactobacillus casei (Orla-Jensen) Hansen and Lessel
More LessLactobacterium zeae Kuznetsov strain USSR RIA 482, here designated as the type strain of Lactobacterium zeae, was accessioned by the American Type Culture Collection (as ATCC 15820), where, on the basis of its phenetic characters, it was identified as belonging to Lactobacillus casei. To confirm this identification, the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) base compositions of and the nucleic-acid homology between this strain and ATCC 393, the neotype strain of Lactobacillus casei, were determined. ATCC 15820 showed a high DNA homology value (82%) with ATCC 393 as well as good agreement in DNA base composition (48.0 and 49.0 mol % guanine plus cytosine, respectively). On the basis of the overall evidence. ATCC 15820 is here regarded as belonging to Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacterium zeae Kuznetsov 1959 is therefore a later subjective synonym of Lactobacillus casei (Orla-Jensen 1919) Hansen and Lessel 1971.
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Synonymy of Pseudomonas gladioli Severini 1913 and Pseudomonas marginata (McCulloch 1921) Stapp 1928
More LessAn appraisal of the relationship of Pseudomonas gladioli Severini 1913 and Pseudomonas marginata (McCulloch 1921) Stapp 1928 has been conducted on the basis of an examination of the properties of these species as described in the literature and of the properties of the “lectotype” strain of P. marginata. Examination of this strain (ATCC 10248), which was deposited in the ATCC by McCulloch under the name Pseudomonas marginata, indicates that the previous descriptions of P. marginata were incorrect in several instances, such as in capsule formation and fluorescence of the yellow pigment it produces. Because the corrected description of P. marginata is identical to the original description of P. gladioli, the two names are regarded as synonyms, with P. gladioli having priority. Strain ATCC 10248 (NCPPB 1891) is designated as the neotype strain of P. gladioli.
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Change of the Name Alteromonas marinopraesens (ZoBell and Upham) Baumann et al. to Alteromonas haloplanktis (ZoBell and Upham) comb. nov. and Assignment of Strain ATCC 23821 (Pseudomonas enalia) and Strain c-A1 of De Voe and Oginsky to This Species
More LessFor reasons discussed, the name Alteromonas marinopraesens (ZoBell and Upham) Baumann et al. is changed to Alteromonas haloplanktis (ZoBell and Upham) comb. nov. In addition to the 17 strains placed in this species by Baumann et al., two other strains, c-Al of De Voe and Oginsky and ATCC 23821 (the latter previously identified as belonging to Pseudomonas enalia ZoBell and Upham), were assigned to this species on the basis of the results of an extensive phenotypic characterization of these strains and the guanine plus cytosine contents (moles/100 ml) of their deoxyribonucleic acids.
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Extractable Lipids of Gram-Negative Marine Bacteria: Fatty-Acid Composition
More LessFatty-acid compositions were determined for 20 strains of marine and estuarine bacteria and two strains representative of terrestrial species. Results showed that the fatty acids of marine bacteria differed little from those of nonmarine organisms, and a primary role for hexadecenoic acid was indicated. Of the 20 strains examined, with the exception of one, the major fatty-acid species were C16, C16:1, and C 18:1. Significant differences were observed among the fatty-acid patterns of the various bacterial genera included in the set of 20 strains examined, and rapid differentiation of most of the genera could thus be accomplished. A recently isolated marine species demonstrated a unique fatty-acid pattern wherein branched acids formed the major fatty-acid class. Effects of culture age, growth temperature, and salt concentration of the medium on the fatty-acid profiles were also investigated.
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Distribution of Cytochromes in Bacteria: Relationship to General Physiology
More LessA review of cytochrome occurrence in bacteria is presented which gives the taxonomic distribution of cytochromes and which relates this to general physiological characteristics. Data obtained from published research and recent experimental studies on a total of 169 species of bacteria suggested the existence of four major groupings: (i) the aerobic and facultatively anaerobic, heterotrophic gram positives (cytochrome pattern aa 3.o.b.c); (ii) the aerobic and facultatively anaerobic, heterotrophic gram negatives (cytochrome pattern either a 1.d.o.b.c, a 1.o.b.c or aa 3.o.b.c); (iii) anaerobic and microaerophilic hetero-trophs (cytochrome pattern b sometimes with a 1 /d/o), and (iv) the ch'emo- and photo-autotrophs (cytochrome pattern c plus a 1 /aa 3 /o/b). The absence or minor presence of cytochrome c in facultatively anaerobic and anaerobic heterotrophs was confirmed and was also observed in plant and animal pathogens. Cytochrome d was confined in occurrence mainly to a small taxonomic group of organisms characterized by a high degree of adaptability to unstable habitats. This group was considered for further subdivision dependent upon the conditions causing the production of cytochrome d.
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Low-Temperature Cytochrome Spectra of Anaerobic Actinomycetes
More LessA sensitive, low-temperature spectrophotometric technique was used to detect the presence and relative contents of cytochromes resembling hemoproteins in suspensions of intact cells of 15 strains of anaerobic actinomycetes. The cytochrome content of most cultures was increased by aerated cultivation. Anaerobically grown cells of Actinomyces israelii serotype 2 contained virtually no cytochromes whereas those of A. israelii serotype 1, Actinomyces viscosus, and Actinomyces bovis, in this order, show an increased concentration of only cytochrome b (hemoprotein 559). Under aerobic conditions, A. viscosus was able to synthesize cytochromes c and a. No correlation was found between spectrophotometric and benzidine test data. Cytochrome spectra may be useful in differentiating serotype 1 from serotype 2 of A. israelii and differentiating A. bovis from the other species of Actinomyces studied.
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- Matters Relating To The International Committee On Systematic Bacteriology
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Opinion 47: Conservation of the Specific Epithet avium in the Scientific Name of the Agent of Avian Tuberculosis
Although the first validly published and legitimate name given to the agent of avian tuberculosis was Bacillus tuberculosis-gallinarum Sternberg 1892, the name that has been used for this organism for decades is Mycobacterium avium Chester 1901. Despite there being some question concerning the validity of publication of the name M. avium Chester and regardless of the fact that the specific epithet avium is illegitimate because it is antedated by tuberculosis-gallinarum, the Judicial Commission, in the interest of stability in nomenclature, conserved avium against tuberculosis-gallinarum and all earlier objective synonyms in the scientific name of the agent of avian tuberculosis. Although Chester used the name “Mycobacterium avium (Kruse) Lehmann and Neumann” for this organism, subsequent authors have attributed the name M. avium to Chester. The Judicial Commission also ruled that the name Mycobacterium avium shall be held to be validly published by Chester in 1901. The neotype strain of M. avium is ATCC 25291.
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Opinion 48: Rejection of the Name Aerobacter liquefaciens Beijerinck and Conservation of the Name Aeromonas Stanier with Aeromonas hydrophila as the Type Species
The name Aerobacter liquefaciens Beijerinck 1900 is regarded as a nomen dubium and, together with all objective synonyms of this name, is placed by the Judicial Commission on the list of rejected names. However, the species referred to by this name is the type species of the genus Aeromonas Kluyver and van Niel 1936. Because it is the only species that was placed in the genus by Kluyver and van Niel, no identifiable type species can be selected for this genus in accordance with the rules of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria. However, because Aeromonas has come into use for identifiable species named subsequently, one of these species may be selected by international agreement as the type species with the name Aeromonas being ascribed to the author of the name of the species designated as the type. Thus, Aeromonas hydrophila (Chester 1901) Stanier 1943 is designated by the Judicial Commission as the type species of Aeromonas, and R. Y. Stanier is designated as the author of this generic name. The name Aeromonas is not to be attributed to Kluyver and van Niel. ATCC 7966 is the neotype strain of A. hydrophila.
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- Obituary
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- Letters To The Editor
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- Notes
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Volumes and issues
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Volume 74 (2024)
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Volume 73 (2023)
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Volume 72 (2022 - 2023)
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Volume 71 (2020 - 2021)
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Volume 70 (2020)
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Volume 69 (2019)
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Volume 68 (2018)
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Volume 67 (2017)
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Volume 66 (2016)
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Volume 65 (2015)
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Volume 64 (2014)
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Volume 63 (2013)
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Volume 62 (2012)
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Volume 61 (2011)
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Volume 60 (2010)
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Volume 59 (2009)
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Volume 58 (2008)
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Volume 57 (2007)
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Volume 56 (2006)
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Volume 55 (2005)
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Volume 54 (2004)
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Volume 53 (2003)
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Volume 52 (2002)
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Volume 51 (2001)
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Volume 50 (2000)
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Volume 49 (1999)
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Volume 48 (1998)
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Volume 47 (1997)
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Volume 46 (1996)
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Volume 45 (1995)
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Volume 44 (1994)
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Volume 43 (1993)
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Volume 42 (1992)
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Volume 41 (1991)
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Volume 40 (1990)
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Volume 39 (1989)
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Volume 38 (1988)
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Volume 37 (1987)
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Volume 36 (1986)
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Volume 35 (1985)
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Volume 34 (1984)
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Volume 33 (1983)
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Volume 32 (1982)
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Volume 31 (1981)
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Volume 30 (1980)
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Volume 29 (1979)
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Volume 28 (1978)
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Volume 27 (1977)
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Volume 26 (1976)
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Volume 25 (1975)
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Volume 24 (1974)
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Volume 23 (1973)
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Volume 22 (1972)
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Volume 21 (1971)
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Volume 20 (1970)
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Volume 19 (1969)
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Volume 18 (1968)
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Volume 17 (1967)
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Volume 16 (1966)
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Volume 15 (1965)
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Volume 14 (1964)
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Volume 13 (1963)
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Volume 12 (1962)
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Volume 11 (1961)
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Volume 10 (1960)
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Volume 9 (1959)
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Volume 8 (1958)
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Volume 7 (1957)
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Volume 6 (1956)
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Volume 5 (1955)
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Volume 4 (1954)
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Volume 3 (1953)
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Volume 2 (1952)
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Volume 1 (1951)