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Volume 22,
Issue 4,
1986
Volume 22, Issue 4, 1986
- Review Article
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Acquisition of a gene encoding mannose-resistant haemagglutinating fimbriae by a resistance plasmid during long-term urinary infection
More LessSummaryUrine was collected twice weekly from one patient during a 25-month period. Escherichia coli harbouring a resistance plasmid, pUK28, which confers trimethoprim, ampicillin, sulphamethoxazole, spectinomycin and streptomycin resistance was identified in the urine. Carriage of strains containing plasmid pUK28 was observed during three separate periods which totalled 16 months, even though the patient did not receive antibacterial drug therapy for most of that time. The plasmid was able to acquire the genes responsible for mannose-resistant haemagglutination and these genes were increasingly associated with the plasmid towards the end of the study period.
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Relationship of toxin production to species in the genus Aeromonas
More LessSummaryNinety-five strains of Aeromonas were divided into three species—A. sobria, A. hydrophila and A. caviae—on the basis of results in 13 biochemical tests. The minimum number of tests necessary to distinguish these species was determined. Culture filtrates of the strains were tested for cytotoxin and cytotonin, haemolysin and protease. One filtrate with high-titre cytotoxin, haemolysin and protease activities was subjected to gel filtration on Sephadex G75 and isoelectric focussing. Of the five cell lines tested, Vero cells were most sensitive to the cytotoxin; no reproducible cytotonic effects were observed. The haemolysin effect appeared to be equivalent to cytotoxin. At least two distinct protease activities were found that might be responsible for the cytotonic effects described. Cytotoxin production was species related; it was present in A. sobria and A. hydrophila but not in A. caviae.
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Toxin production by Aeromonas spp. from different sources
More LessSummaryOne hundred and eleven isolates of Aeromonas from water and from human sources were identified to species level and tested for the production of cytotoxin. These results were correlated with the source of each isolate and, for those from human faeces, with the clinical history of diarrhoea. A. caviae predominated in water, comprising 16 of 32 isolates; only one isolate from water was A. sobria. In human faecal samples 21 of 76 isolates were A. sobria; this was a significant difference. Cytotoxin producing strains were significantly more common in patients with no known cause for their gut symptoms. It is concluded that gastro-enteritis caused by Aeromonas is related to species and to production of cytotoxin.
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Comparison of direct plating with the use of enrichment culture for isolation of Aeromonas spp. from faeces
More LessSummaryDirect plating of faecal specimens on blood agar was compared with the use of enrichment culture for isolation of Aeromonas spp. from faeces during a large epidemiological study. Of enterotoxigenic strains isolated by direct plating, 89% were associated with acute diarrhoea and 7% with an episode of diarrhoea during the month before collection, but 79% of enterotoxigenic strains isolated only after enrichment were not associated with acute diarrhoea. With Aeromonas spp., as with intestinal pathogens, it appears that enrichment allows isolation of the bacteria when in low faecal concentrations likely to be found in convalescent patients, carriers and those with subclinical infection. The routine use of enrichment for isolation of faecal aeromonads, by detecting Aeromonas spp. in low numbers in patients without diarrhoea, is likely to confuse interpretation of epidemiological studies seeking to clarify the relationship between Aeromonas spp. and acute diarrhoea.
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An improved medium for isolation of Streptococcus mutans
More LessSummaryA medium based upon tryptone, yeast extract, cystine (TYC) agar and incorporating bacitracin and sucrose has been evaluated for selective isolation of Streptococcus mutans. The effect of varying the concentrations of sucrose and bacitracin on the recovery of two standard strains was investigated. Growth of S. mutans NCTC 10449 was significantly inhibited by increasing concentrations of sucrose but was not affected by bacitracin; the reverse was seen with S. sobrinus strain 6715. The best compromise between recovery of the streptococci and growth of other organisms was obtained with a final sucrose concentration of 20% and bacitracin 0.2 units/ml. In comparison with three other selective media, this medium gave the highest recovery rate of standard strains, indicating that it is superior to mitis-salivarius bacitracin (MSB) agar for the recovery of S. mutans from saliva.
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Studies on the Vibrio cholerae mucinase complex. I. Enzymic activities associated with the complex325
More LessSummaryMucinase enzymes were isolated and partially purified from the culture fluid of Vibrio cholerae grown in proteose peptone-colostrum medium. The mucinase complex contained neuraminidase, endo-β-N-acetylhexosaminidase, nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotidase and proteinases. Traces of phospholipase activity were detected but the complex lacked aldolase activity.
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Effect of measles-virus infection and interferon treatment on invasiveness of Shigella flexneri in HEp2-cell cultures
More LessSummaryThe influence of measles-virus infection on the invasiveness of Shigella flexneri in HEp2-cell cultures was studied. Bacterial invasiveness was significantly enhanced in cell cultures incubated with virus before bacterial inoculation. This effect was a function of time after introduction of virus to the cell cultures and of the concentration of virus. The increase in bacterial invasiveness was observed before production of infectious virus particles and before a cytopathic effect was evident. A similar enhancement of invasiveness was demonstrated when cell cultures were pretreated with UV-inactivated measles virus. Pretreatment of cells with interferon did not influence invasiveness, although it reduced the effect of measles-virus infection.
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Electronmicroscopy studies on the opsonic role of antiserum and the subsequent destruction of salmonellae within murine inflammatory leukocytes343
More LessSummaryInbred female C3H mice were given, by intraperitoneal injection, 4 × 107 virulent Salmonella typhimurium organisms opsonised with specific antiserum. Peritoneal washings were obtained between 1.5 and 24 h after injection and examined by electronmicroscopy. Opsonised salmonellae were ingested rapidly by peritoneal exu-date cells and were digested rapidly. The presence of antibody facilitated the phagocytic efficiency of the host cells. Destruction of ingested bacteria appeared to be an innate capacity of the host phagocytes independent of the presence of antibody.
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Mutagenic activation of biliary metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene by β-glucuronidase-positive bacteria in human faeces
More LessSummaryHuman faeces hydrolysed synthetic β-D-glucuronides of both p-nitrophenol and phenolphthalein. The origin of this activity in faeces was localised in the bacterial pellet fraction after centrifugation. Ninety-seven bacterial strains with β-glucuronidase activity isolated from fresh human faeces were identified as species of Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, Fusobacterium, Propionibacterium, Clostridium, Eubacterium and Bifidobacterium. They were classified into two groups according to their activity against two synthetic β-D-glucuronides. One group hydrolysed p-nitrophenyl glucuronide and phenolphthalein glucuronide to the same extent and the other hydrolysed p-nitrophenyl glucuronide much more strongly than phenolphthalein glucuronide. The bile of rats given benzo(a)pyrene by mouth was tested for mutagenicity in the presence and absence of cell-free extracts of human faeces and bacteria. Extracts of β-glucuronidase-positive bacteria increased the mutagenicity of metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene, as did faecal extracts, but extracts of β-glucuronidase-negative bacteria did not. D-Saccharic acid-1, 4-lactone inhibited the increase in mutagenicity produced by the faecal extracts and extracts of β-glucuronidase-positive bacteria except for Peptostreptococcus strains 204 and 952. These results indicate that some intestinal bacteria have β-glucuronidases heterogenous in substrate specificity and that they may be involved in mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene in the intestinal tract.
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The evaluation of a phage-typing system for Listeria monocytogenes for use in epidemiological studies
More LessSummaryA typing system for strains of Listeria monocytogenes based on the lytic properties of 28 phages has been evaluated with a set of strains isolated in the UK and tested in a blind trial. The system was highly reproducible and discriminatory, and 64% of all the strains tested could be typed.
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Aspects of the epidemiology of human Listeria monocytogenes infections in Britain 1967-1984; the use of serotyping and phage typing
More LessSummaryStrains of Listeria monocytogenes from 475 cases of human listeriosis collected during 1967-1984, belonged to one of three serogroups (1/2, 3 or 4). They were phage typed with a set of 28 phages to investigate three aspects of the epidemiology of listeriosis. (i) Three patients each had two episodes of listeriosis, 3 months to 2 years apart, with strains of the same serogroup and indistinguishable by phage typing. (ii) Ten episodes of possible cross-infection between pairs of neonates in the same hospital occurred; the first baby was ill at or within 1 day of birth, and the second baby became ill 8-12 days after contact with the first. In each pair the L. monocytogenes strains were of the same serogroup and indistinguishable by phage typing. (iii) In three clusters of cases there may have been a common source of infection. L. monocytogenes strains from 10 of 11 cases of listeriosis in the Carlisle area in Jul.-Dec. 1981 were of the same serogroup; nine strains were non-phage-typable. The second cluster involved four adults treated at one hospital and the third a pair of neonates who were ill shortly after birth. In each cluster, strains were of the same serogroup, and were indistinguishable by phage typing. These last two clusters occurred during a short period when an unusually high proportion of strains from all cases of human listeriosis in Britain were indistinguishable by phage typing from the cluster strains, suggesting the possibility of common source infection.
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Septicaemia caused by cysteine-requiring isolates of Escherichia coli
More LessSummaryThe clinical and bacteriological findings in five cases of septicaemia with cysteine-requiring isolates of Escherichia coli are reported. Infections with these nutritionally-dependent organisms have been found previously in the urinary tract only, associated usually with chronic rather than acute conditions. The urinary tract was considered to be the source of the septicaemia in our patients and that site should be investigated when such strains are isolated from blood cultures. When first isolated the organisms characteristically form small translucent colonies on media deficient in appropriate growth factors. Their nutritional requirement for cysteine can be determined by a simple auxanographic technique, thereby enabling the appropriate supplementation of media necessary for reliable identification and antibiotic-sensitivity testing.
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- Announcement
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- Proceedings Of The Pathological Society Of Great Britain And Ireland
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- Index Of Authors
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- Index Of Subjects
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