1887

Abstract

Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) infection occurs with viral genome presence in respiratory secretions (RS) and serum, and therefore both samples can be used for diagnosis.

The diagnostic sensitivity of HBoV1 DNA detection in serum and the duration of DNAaemia in severe clinical cases have not been elucidated.

To determine HBoV1 DNA in serum and RS of paediatric patients hospitalized for lower acute respiratory infection (LARI) and to analyse the clinical–epidemiological features of positive cases.

This was a prospective, transverse study. Physicians selected the clinical situations and obtained paired clinical samples (RS and serum) that were tested by PCR/qPCR for HBoV1. Positive cases were analysed considering time of specimen collection, co-detection, clinical manifestations and viral load; statistical significant level was set at α=0.05.

HBoV1 was detected in 98 of 402 cases included (24 %); 18/98 (18 %) patients had the virus detectable in serum and 91/98 (93 %) in RS (<0.001). Positivity rates were not significantly different in patients with RS and serum collected within or beyond 24 h of admission. Single HBoV1 infection was identified in 39/98 patients (40 %), three patients had HBoV1 in both clinical samples (3/39, 8 %) and 32 (32/39, 82 %) only in RS, 22 of them (69 %) with both clinical samples within 24 h of admission. Cough (=0.001) and rhinitis (=0.003) were significantly frequent among them and most patients were diagnosed with bronchiolitis (22/39, 56 %) and pneumonia (9/39, 23 %), which was more frequent compared to cases with co-infection (=0.04). No significant differences were identified among patients with high, medium or low viral load of HBoV1 regarding rate of positivity in both clinical samples, the time of collection of RS and serum, co-detection, first episode of LARI, clinical manifestations, comorbidity or requirement for assisted ventilation. Intensive care unit (ICU) patients had a significantly higher frequency of detection (<0.001) and co-detection (=0.001) compared to patients on standard care.

HBoV1 is prevalent among infant patients hospitalized for LARI and including it in the standard testing can add to the aetiological diagnosis in these cases, especially for patients admitted to the ICU. HBoV1 detection in serum did not contribute significantly to the diagnosis as compared to detection in respiratory secretions.

Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • Secretaria de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (AR) (Award R 411/2018-2022)
    • Principle Award Recipient: MariaPilar Adamo
  • Agencia Nacional de Promoción de la Investigación, el Desarrollo Tecnológico y la Innovación (Award FonCyT- PICT 2016-4445)
    • Principle Award Recipient: MariaPilar Adamo
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.001595
2022-10-27
2024-12-08
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Christensen A, Kesti O, Elenius V, Eskola AL, Døllner H et al. Human bocaviruses and paediatric infections. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2019; 3:418–426 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Moreno L, Eguizábal L, Ghietto LM, Bujedo E, Adamo MP. Human bocavirus respiratory infection in infants in Córdoba, Argentina. Arch Argent Pediatr 2014; 112:70–74 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Ghietto LM, Majul D, Ferreyra Soaje P, Baumeister E, Avaro M et al. Comorbidity and high viral load linked to clinical presentation of respiratory human bocavirus infection. Arch Virol 2015; 160:117–127 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bagasi AA, Howson-Wells HC, Clark G, Tarr AW, Soo S et al. Human Bocavirus infection and respiratory tract disease identified in a UK patient cohort. J Clin Virol 2020; 129:104453 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Roth GA, Abate D, Abate KH, Abay SM, Abbafati C. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392:1736–1788 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Nascimento-Carvalho CM, Cardoso M-RA, Meriluoto M, Kemppainen K, Kantola K et al. Human bocavirus infection diagnosed serologically among children admitted to hospital with community-acquired pneumonia in a tropical region. J Med Virol 2012; 84:253–258 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bubshait DK, Albuali WH, Yousef AA, Obeid OE, Alkharsah KR et al. Clinical description of human bocavirus viremia in children with LRTI, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Ann Thorac Med 2015; 10:146–149 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Huang Q, Deng X, Yan Z, Cheng F, Luo Y et al. Establishment of a reverse genetics system for studying human bocavirus in human airway epithelia. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002899 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Deng Y-P, Liu Y-J, Yang Z-Q, Wang Y-J, He B-Y et al. Human bocavirus induces apoptosis and autophagy in human bronchial epithelial cells. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:753–758 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Xu M, Perdomo MF, Mattola S, Pyöriä L, Toppinen M et al. Persistence of human bocavirus 1 in tonsillar germinal centers and antibody-dependent enhancement of infection. mBio 2021; 12:1–15 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Costa BCL, Dábilla NAS, Almeida TN, Fiaccadori FS, de Souza TT et al. Human bocavirus detection and quantification in fecal and serum specimens from recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a longitudinal study. J Med Virol 2022; 94:594–600 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Nascimento-Carvalho AC, Vilas-Boas A-L, Fontoura M-SH, Xu M, Vuorinen T et al. Serologically diagnosed acute human bocavirus 1 infection in childhood community-acquired pneumonia. Pediatr Pulmonol 2018; 53:88–94 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Shaheen MNF, Abd El-Daim SE, Ahmed NI, Elmahdy EM. Environmental monitoring of aichi virus and human bocavirus in samples from wastewater treatment plant, drain, and river nile in Egypt. J Water Health 2020; 18:30–37 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Kumthip K, Khamrin P, Ushijima H, Maneekarn N. Predominance of human bocavirus genotypes 1 and 2 in Oysters in Thailand. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:1–7 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Martin ET, Fairchok MP, Kuypers J, Magaret A, Zerr DM et al. Frequent and prolonged shedding of bocavirus in young children attending daycare. J Infect Dis 2010; 201:1625–1632 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Deng X, Li Y, Qiu J. Human bocavirus 1 infects commercially available primary human airway epithelium cultures productively. J Virol Methods 2014; 195:112–119 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Li X, Kantola K, Hedman L, Arku B, Hedman K et al. Original antigenic sin with human bocaviruses 1-4. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:3099–3108 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Kantola K, Hedman L, Tanner L, Simell V, Mäkinen M et al. B-cell responses to human bocaviruses 1-4: new insights from a childhood follow-up study. PLoS One 2015; 10:1–12 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Xu M, Arku B, Jartti T, Koskinen J, Peltola V et al. Comparative diagnosis of human bocavirus 1 respiratory infection with messenger RNA reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA quantitative PCR, and serology. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1551–1557 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Moreno L, Ferrero F, Vidaurreta S, Nadeo J, Abram L. Recomendaciones para el manejo de las infecciones respiratorias agudas bajas en menores de 2 años. Actualización 2021. Arch Argent Pediat 2021; 119: [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Pedranti MS, Barbero P, Wolff C, Ghietto LM, Zapata M et al. Infection and immunity for human parvovirus B19 in patients with febrile exanthema. Epidemiol Infect 2012; 140:454–461 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Ghietto LM, Cámara A, Cámara J, Adamo MP. High frequency of human bocavirus 1 DNA in infants and adults with lower acute respiratory infection. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:548–551 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Ghietto LM, Toigo D’Angelo AP, Viale FA, Adamo MP. Human bocavirus 1 infection of CACO-2 cell line cultures. Virology 2017; 510:273–280 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Salbetti MB, Pedranti MS, Barbero P, Molisani P, Lazzari M et al. Molecular screening of the human parvoviruses B19 and bocavirus 1 in the study of congenital diseases as applied to symptomatic pregnant women and children. Access Microbiol 2019; 1:e000037 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Allander T, Jartti T, Gupta S, Niesters HGM, Lehtinen P et al. Human bocavirus and acute wheezing in children. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:904–910 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Conte J, Potoczniak MJ, Tobe SS. Using synthetic oligonucleotides as standards in probe-based qPCR. Biotechniques 2018; 64:177–179 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Christensen A, Nordbø SA, Krokstad S, Rognlien AGW, Døllner H. Human bocavirus in children: mono-detection, high viral load and viraemia are associated with respiratory tract infection. J Clin Virol 2010; 49:158–162 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Zhou L, Zheng S, Xiao Q, Ren L, Xie X et al. Single detection of human bocavirus 1 with a high viral load in severe respiratory tract infections in previously healthy children. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:1–8 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Broccolo F, Falcone V, Esposito S, Toniolo A. Human bocaviruses: possible etiologic role in respiratory infection. J Clin Virol 2015; 72:75–81 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Ottogalli ME, Rodríguez PE, Frutos MC, Moreno LB, Ghietto LM et al. Circulation of human coronaviruses OC43 and 229E in Córdoba, Argentina. Arch Virol 2021; 166:929–933 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Chadha M, Hirve S, Bancej C, Barr I, Baumeister E et al. Human respiratory syncytial virus and influenza seasonality patterns-early findings from the WHO global respiratory syncytial virus surveillance. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2020; 14:638–646 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Kim M-C, Kweon OJ, Lim YK, Choi S-H, Chung J-W et al. Impact of social distancing on the spread of common respiratory viruses during the coronavirus disease outbreak. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252963 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Kim MC, Park JH, Choi SH, Chung JW. Rhinovirus incidence rates indicate we are tired of non-pharmacological interventions against coronavirus disease 2019. J Korean Med Sci 2022; 37:e15 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Adamo MP. Bocavirus Humano 1: su participación en la infección respiratoria aguda y epidemiología en Argentina. Rev Fac Cien Med Univ Nac Cordoba 2017; 74:134 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Söderlund-Venermo M, Lahtinen A, Jartti T, Hedman L, Kemppainen K et al. Clinical assessment and improved diagnosis of bocavirus-induced wheezing in children, Finland. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15:1423–1430 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Meriluoto M, Hedman L, Tanner L, Simell V, Mäkinen M et al. Association of human bocavirus 1 infection with respiratory disease in childhood follow-up study, Finland. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:264–271 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Tse H, To KKW, Wen X, Chen H, Chan K-H et al. Clinical and virological factors associated with viremia in pandemic influenza A/H1N1/2009 virus infection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22534 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Zhang R, Wang H, Tian S, Deng J. Adenovirus viremia may predict adenovirus pneumonia severity in immunocompetent children. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:213 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Grant PR, Garson JA, Tedder RS, Chan PKS, Tam JS et al. Detection of SARS coronavirus in plasma by real-time RT-PCR. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:2468–2469 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Manti S, Esper F, Alejandro-Rodriguez M, Leonardi S, Betta P et al. Respiratory syncytial virus seropositivity at birth is associated with adverse neonatal respiratory outcomes. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020; 55:3074–3079 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Xatzipsalti M, Kyrana S, Tsolia M, Psarras S, Bossios A et al. Rhinovirus viremia in children with respiratory infections. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:1037–1040 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Lu X, Schneider E, Jain S, Bramley AM, Hymas W et al. Rhinovirus viremia in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:1104–1111 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Adamo MP, Blanco S, Viale F, Rivadera S, Rodríguez-Lombardi G et al. Human parvovirus B19 frequency among blood donors after an epidemic outbreak: relevance of the epidemiological scenario for transfusion medicine. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03869 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Li H, He M, Zeng P, Gao Z, Bian G et al. The genomic and seroprevalence of human bocavirus in healthy Chinese plasma donors and plasma derivatives. Transfusion 2015; 55:154–163 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Bonvicini F, Manaresi E, Gentilomi GA, Di Furio F, Zerbini M et al. Evidence of human bocavirus viremia in healthy blood donors. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 71:460–462 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Abdel-Moneim AS, Mahfouz ME, Zytouni DM. Detection of human bocavirus in Saudi healthy blood donors. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193594 Epub ahead of print 1 February 2018 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Tozer SJ, Lambert SB, Whiley DM, Bialasiewicz S, Lyon MJ et al. Detection of human bocavirus in respiratory, fecal, and blood samples by real-time PCR. J Med Virol 2009; 81:488–493 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Nora-Krukle Z, Vilmane A, Xu M, Rasa S, Ziemele I et al. Human bocavirus infection markers in peripheral blood and stool samples of children with acute gastroenteritis. Viruses 2018; 10:639 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Schildgen V, Malecki M, Tillmann R-L, Brockmann M, Schildgen O et al. The human bocavirus is associated with some lung and colorectal cancers and persists in solid tumors. PLoS ONE 2013; 8:e68020 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Günel C, Kırdar S, Ömürlü İK, Ağdaş F. Detection of the epstein–barr virus, human bocavirus and novel KI and KU polyomaviruses in adenotonsillar tissues. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 79:423–427 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Kapoor A, Hornig M, Asokan A, Williams B, Henriquez JA et al. Bocavirus episome in infected human tissue contains non-identical termini. PLoS One 2011; 6:1–8 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Kenmoe S, Kengne-Nde C, Ebogo-Belobo JT, Mbaga DS, Modiyinji AF et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of common respiratory viruses in children < 2 years with bronchiolitis in the precovid-19 pandemic era. PLoS One 2020; 15:1–16
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Petrarca L, Nenna R, Frassanito A, Pierangeli A, Di Mattia G et al. Human bocavirus in children hospitalized for acute respiratory tract infection in Rome. World J Pediatr 2020; 16:293–298 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Nenna R, Frassanito A, Petrarca L, Di Mattia G, Midulla F. Age limit in bronchiolitis diagnosis: 6 or 12 months?. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:144 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Ji K, Sun J, Yan Y, Han L, Guo J et al. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of human bocavirus infection in infants and young children suffering with community acquired pneumonia in Ningxia, China. Virol J 2021; 18:212 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Tregoning JS, Schwarze J. Respiratory viral infections in infants: causes, clinical symptoms, virology, and immunology. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010; 23:74–98 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Brenes-Chacon H, Garcia-Mauriño C, Moore-Clingenpeel M, Mertz S, Ye F et al. Age-dependent interactions among clinical characteristics, viral loads and disease severity in young children with respiratory syncytial virus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:116–122 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Jiang W, Yin F, Zhou W, Yan Y, Ji W. Clinical significance of different virus load of human bocavirus in patients with lower respiratory tract infection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:6 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Zhao B, Yu X, Wang C, Teng Z, Wang C et al. High human bocavirus viral load is associated with disease severity in children under five years of age. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62318 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Deng Y, Gu X, Zhao X, Luo J, Luo Z et al. High viral load of human bocavirus correlates with duration of wheezing in children with severe lower respiratory tract infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:1–7 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Zhou J-Y, Peng Y, Peng X-Y, Gao H-C, Sun Y-P et al. Human bocavirus and human metapneumovirus in hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract illness in Changsha, China. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018; 12:279–286 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Qu X-W, Duan Z-J, Qi Z-Y, Xie Z-P, Gao H-C et al. Human bocavirus infection, people’s republic of China. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13:165–168 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Zhang X, Zheng J, Zhu L, Xu H. Human bocavirus-1 screening in infants with acute lower respiratory tract infection. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211027739 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Pan F, Wang B, Zhang H, Shi Y, Xu Q. The clinical application of filmarray respiratory panel in children especially with severe respiratory tract infections. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1–7 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Calvo C, García-García ML, Blanco C, Vázquez MC, Frías ME et al. Multiple simultaneous viral infections in infants with acute respiratory tract infections in Spain. J Clin Virol 2008; 42:268–272 [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Wishaupt JO, van der Ploeg T, de Groot R, Versteegh FGA, Hartwig NG. Single- and multiple viral respiratory infections in children: disease and management cannot be related to a specific pathogen. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 17:1–11 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Gil J, Almeida S, Constant C, Pinto S, Barreto R et al. Short-term relevance of lower respiratory viral coinfection in inpatients under 2 years of age. Anales de Pediatría 2018; 88:127–135 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.001595
Loading
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.001595
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error