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Four Gram-stain-negative, non-endospore-forming, non-motile strains were found in soil, South Korea. Based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences, strains UCM-R15T and UCM-R21 are most closely related to Flavobacterium enshiense DK69T (97.4–97.5 %, pairwise similarity) while strains UCM-R36T and UCM-46T are most closely related to Flavobacterium suncheonense GH29-5T (97.5 % and 98.3 %, respectively), with all four strains sharing less than 97 % pairwise similarity to the type strain of any other species of the genus Flavobacterium . None of the four strains can reduce/digest nitrate or urea. The only menaquinone detected was MK-6 and the major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 1 G and summed feature 9 in all the type strains. Phosphatidylethanolamine was found in three strains as the major polar lipid, phosphatidylserine was found in both strains UCM-R15T and UCM-R36T, but not UCM-46T, and phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine only occurred in strain UCM-R15T. The genomic DNA G+C content values of strains UCM-R15T, UCM-R21, UCM-R36T and UCM-46T were 35.3–39.0 mol%. Taking into account their physiological and biochemical characteristics, we suggest that three of the strains are novel members of the genus Flavobacterium . We propose the names Flavobacterium fulvum sp. nov. for type strain UCM-R15T (=KACC 18666T=NBRC 111764T), and strain UCM-R21 as an additional strain Flavobacterium pedocola sp. nov. for type strain UCM-R36T (=KACC 18668T=NBRC 111765T), and Flavobacterium humicola sp. nov. for type strain UCM-46T (=KACC 18575T=NBRC 111657T).
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