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Volume 168, Issue 7

Fitness costs of CRISPR-Cas systems in bacteria Open Access

Abstract

CRISPR-Cas systems provide bacteria with both specificity and adaptability in defence against invading genetic elements. From a theoretical perspective, CRISPR-Cas systems confer many benefits. However, they are observed at an unexpectedly low prevalence across the bacterial domain. While these defence systems can be gained horizontally, fitness costs may lead to selection against their carriage. Understanding the source of CRISPR-related fitness costs will help us to understand the evolutionary dynamics of CRISPR-Cas systems and their role in shaping bacterial genome evolution. Here, we review our current understanding of the potential fitness costs associated with CRISPR-Cas systems. In addition to potentially restricting the acquisition of genetic material that could confer fitness benefits, we explore five alternative biological factors that from a theoretical perspective may influence the fitness costs associated with CRISPR-Cas system carriage: (1) the repertoire of defence mechanisms a bacterium has available to it, (2) the potential for a metabolic burden, (3) larger-scale population and environmental factors, (4) the phenomenon of self-targeting spacers, and (5) alternative non-defence roles for CRISPR-Cas.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
Keyword(s): bacterial genomics , bacterial immunity , CRISPR , defence system , evolutionary biology and horizontal gene transfer
© 2022 The Authors
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. This article was made open access via a Publish and Read agreement between the Microbiology Society and the corresponding author’s institution.
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2022-07-18
2024-05-04
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Fitness costs of CRISPR-Cas systems in bacteria
Microbiology 168, 001209 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.001209
/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.001209
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