Antifungal activity of thymol against clinical isolates of fluconazole-sensitive and -resistant Candida albicans

References

1. Anttila V. J., Ruutu P., Bondestam S., Jansson S. E., Nordling S., Färkkilä M., Sivonen A., Castren M., Ruutu T. 1994; Hepatosplenic yeast infection in patients with acute leukemia: a diagnostic problem. Clin Infect Dis 18:979–981 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
2. Burt S. A., van der Zee R., Koets A. P., de Graaff A. M., van Knapen F., Gaastra W., Haagsman H. P., Veldhuizen E. J. 2007; Carvacrol induces heat shock protein 60 and inhibits synthesis of flagellin in Escherichia coli O157 : H7. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:4484–4490 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
3. Deng X. L., Zhang X. C., Zhang F., Li R. Y., Lu H. J., He W. Q., Liu L. G., Fan B., Hu X. Y. 2006; Cloning and sequencing of the GTP cyclohydrolase I function region of azole target enzyme gene in artificially induced resistant Candida albicans . Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao 38:301–304
   [Google Scholar]
4. Didry N., Dubreuil L., Pinkas M. 1994; Activity of thymol, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and eugenol on oral bacteria. Pharm Acta Helv 69:25–28 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
5. Giordani R., Regli P., Kaloustian J., Mikaïl C., Abou L., Portugal H. 2004; Antifungal effect of various essential oils against Candida albicans . Potentiation of antifungal action of amphotericin B by essential oil from Thymus vulgaris . Phytother Res 18:990–995 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
6. Greco W. R., Bravo G., Parsons J. C. 1995; The search for synergy: a critical review from a response surface perspective. Pharmacol Rev 47:331–385
   [Google Scholar]
7. Guo Q., Sun S., Yu J., Li Y., Cao L. 2008; Synergistic activity of azoles with amiodarone against clinically resistant Candida albicans tested by chequerboard and time-kill methods. J Med Microbiol 57:457–462 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
8. He L., Mo H., Hadisusilo S., Qureshi A. A., Elson C. E. 1997; Elson isoprenoids suppress the growth of murine B16 melanomas in vitro and in vivo. J Nutr 127:668–674
   [Google Scholar]
9. Healing T. D., Oppenheim B. A. 1990; Silver nitrate and thymol; two disinfectants effective against Legionella pneumophila . J Hosp Infect 15:395–396 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
10. Koşar M., Demirci B., Demirci F., Başer K. H. 2008; Effect of maturation on the composition and biological activity of the essential oil of a commercially important Satureja species from Turkey: Satureja cuneifolia Ten. (Lamiaceae). J Agric Food Chem 56:2260–2265 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
11. Marchetti O., Moreillon P., Entenza J. M., Vouillamoz J., Glauser M. P., Bille J., Sanglard D. 2003; Fungicidal synergism of fluconazole and cyclosporine in Candida albican s is not dependent on multidrug efflux transporters encoded by the CDR1, CDR2, CaMDR1, and FLU1 genes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:1565–1570 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
12. NCCLS 1997 Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts vol. 17, no. 9approved standard M27–A Wayne, PA: National Committee for Clinical and Laboratory Standards;
    [Google Scholar]
13. Ogaard B., Larsson E., Glans R., Henriksson T., Birkhed D. 1997; Antimicrobial effect of a chlorhexidine-thymol varnish (cervitec) in orthodontic patients. A prospective, randomized clinical trial. J Orofac Orthop 58:206–213 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
14. Pappas P. G., Kauffman C. A., Andes D., Benjamin D. K. Jr, Calandra T. F., Edwards J. E. Jr, Filler S. G., Fisher J. F., Kullberg B.-J. other authors 2009; Clinical practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 48:503–535 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
15. Prichard M. N., Prichard L. E., Shipman C. Jr 1993; Strategic design and three-dimensional analysis of antiviral drug combinations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37:540–545 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
16. Quan H., Cao Y. Y., Xu Z., Zhao J. X., Gao P. H., Qin X. F., Jiang Y. Y. 2006; Potent in vitro synergism of fluconazole and berberine chloride against clinical isolates of Candida albicans resistant to fluconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:1096–1099 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
17. Sanglard D., Ischer F., Parkinson T., Falconer D., Bille J. 2003; Candida albicans mutations in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway and resistance to several antifungal agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:2404–2412 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
18. Shin S., Kim J. H. 2004; Antifungal activities of essential oils from Thymus quinquecostatus and T. magnus . Planta Med 70:1090–1092 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
19. Sun S., Li Y., Guo Q., Shi C., Yu J., Ma L. 2008; In vitro interactions between tacrolimus and azoles against Candida albicans determined by different methods. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:409–417 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
20. Tariq V. N., Scott E. M., McCain N. E. 1995; Use of decimal assay for additivity to demonstrate synergy in pair combinations of econazole, nikkomycin Z, and ibuprofen against Candida albicans in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39:2615–2619 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
21. Uppuluri P., Nett J., Heitman J., Andes D. 2008; Synergistic effect of calcineurin inhibitors and fluconazole against Candida albicans biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:1127–1132 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
22. Vanden Bossche H. 1985; Biochemical targets for antifungal azole derivatives: hypothesis on the mode of action. Curr Top Med Mycol 1:313–351
    [Google Scholar]
23. Viollon C., Chaumont J. P. 1994; Antifungal properties of essential oils and their main components upon Cryptococcus neoformans . Mycopathologia 128:151–153 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
24. White T. C., Holleman S., Dy F., Mirels L. F., Stevens D. A. 2002; Resistance mechanisms in clinical isolates of Candida albicans . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:1704–1713 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]