1887

Journal of Medical Microbiology logo

Volume 72, Issue 11

The changes of gut microbiota and metabolites in different drug-induced liver injuries No Access

Abstract

The increasing incidence of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) has become a major concern. Gut microbiota, as another organ of the human body, has been studied in various tumors, cardiovascular metabolic diseases, inflammatory bowel disease and human immunity. The studies mentioned above have confirmed its important impact on the occurrence and development of DILI. The gut-liver axis explains the close relationship between the gut and the liver, and it may be a pathway by which gut microbes contribute to DILI. In addition, the interaction between drugs and gut microbes affects both separately, which in turn may have positive or negative effects on the body, including DILI. There are both common and specific changes in liver injury caused by different drugs. The alteration of metabolites in DILI is also a new direction of therapeutic exploration. The application of microbiomics, metabolomics and other multi-omics to DILI has also explored new ideas for DILI. In this review, we conclude the alterations of gut microbes and metabolites under different DILI, and the significance of applying gut microbiome-metabolomics to DILI, so as to explore the metabolic characteristics of DILI and possible novel metabolic biomarkers.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
Keyword(s): drug-induced liver injury , gut microbiota , gut-liver axis and metabolomics
Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Award 2022YFC2303100)
    • Principle Award Recipient: ZhigangRen
© 2023 The Authors
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.001778
2023-11-28
2024-05-20
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Yu Y-C, Mao Y-M, Chen C-W, Chen J-J, Chen J et al. CSH guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of drug-induced liver injury. Hepatol Int 2017; 11:221–241 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Fontana RJ, Watkins PB, Bonkovsky HL, Chalasani N, Davern T et al. Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN) prospective study: rationale, design and conduct. Drug Saf 2009; 32:55–68 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Hassan A, Fontana RJ. The diagnosis and management of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. Liver Int 2019; 39:31–41 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Hillman L, Gottfried M, Whitsett M, Rakela J, Schilsky M et al. Corrigendum: Clinical features and outcomes of complementary and alternative medicine induced acute Liver failure and injury. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 111:1504 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Björnsson ES, Bergmann OM, Björnsson HK, Kvaran RB, Olafsson S. Incidence, presentation, and outcomes in patients with drug-induced liver injury in the general population of Iceland. Gastroenterology 2013; 144:1419–1425 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Russo MW, Galanko JA, Shrestha R, Fried MW, Watkins P. Liver transplantation for acute liver failure from drug induced liver injury in the United States. Liver Transpl 2004; 10:1018–1023 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Shen T, Liu Y, Shang J, Xie Q, Li J et al. Incidence and etiology of drug-induced Liver injury in mainland China. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:2230–2241 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Ostapowicz G, Fontana RJ, Schiødt FV, Larson A, Davern TJ et al. Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137:947–954 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Pang L, Yang W, Hou F. Features and outcomes from a retrospective study of 570 hospitalized Chinese patients with drug-induced liver injury. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2018; 42:48–56 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Palmer C, Bik EM, DiGiulio DB, Relman DA, Brown PO. Development of the human infant intestinal microbiota. PLoS Biol 2007; 5:e177 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Cox LM, Yamanishi S, Sohn J, Alekseyenko AV, Leung JM et al. Altering the intestinal microbiota during a critical developmental window has lasting metabolic consequences. Cell 2014; 158:705–721 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Pickard JM, Zeng MY, Caruso R, Núñez G. Gut microbiota: Role in pathogen colonization, immune responses, and inflammatory disease. Immunol Rev 2017; 279:70–89 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Adak A, Khan MR. An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:473–493 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Takiishi T, Fenero CIM, Câmara NOS. Intestinal barrier and gut microbiota: Shaping our immune responses throughout life. Tissue Barriers 2017; 5:e1373208 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Natividad JMM, Verdu EF. Modulation of intestinal barrier by intestinal microbiota: pathological and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Res 2013; 69:42–51 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Yang W, Cong Y. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites in the regulation of host immune responses and immune-related inflammatory diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:866–877 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Milani C, Duranti S, Bottacini F, Casey E, Turroni F et al. The First microbial colonizers of the Human Gut: Composition, activities, and health implications of the infant Gut microbiota. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2017; 81:e00036-17 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Spanogiannopoulos P, Bess EN, Carmody RN, Turnbaugh PJ. The microbial pharmacists within us: a metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 14:273–287 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Li X, Tang J, Mao Y. Incidence and risk factors of drug-induced liver injury. Liver Int 2022; 42:1999–2014 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Floreani A, Bizzaro D, Shalaby S, Taliani G, Burra P et al. Sex disparity and drug-induced liver injury. Dig Liver Dis 2023; 55:21–28 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Khoury T, Rmeileh AA, Yosha L, Benson AA, Daher S et al. Drug induced Liver injury: Review with a focus on genetic Factors, tissue diagnosis, and treatment options. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2015; 3:99–108 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Delire B, De Martin E, Meunier L, Larrey D, Horsmans Y. Immunotherapy and gene therapy: New challenges in the diagnosis and management of Drug-induced Liver injury. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:786174 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Longo DL, Hoofnagle JH, Björnsson ES. Drug-Induced Liver Injury — Types and Phenotypes. N Engl J Med 2019; 381:264–273 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Huffman BM, Kottschade LA, Kamath PS, Markovic SN. Hepatotoxicity After Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy in Melanoma. Am J Clin Oncol 2018; 41:760–765 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Ghabril M, Bonkovsky HL, Kum C, Davern T, Hayashi PH et al. Liver injury from tumor necrosis factor-α antagonists: analysis of thirty-four cases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11:558–564 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Albillos A, de Gottardi A, Rescigno M. The gut-liver axis in liver disease: Pathophysiological basis for therapy. J Hepatol 2020; 72:558–577 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Johansson MEV, Denning PW. Fast renewal of the distal colonic mucus layers by the surface goblet cells as measured by in vivo labeling of mucin glycoproteins. PLoS ONE 2012; 7:e41009 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Derrien M, Van Baarlen P, Hooiveld G, Norin E, Müller M et al. Modulation of mucosal immune response, tolerance, and proliferation in mice colonized by the mucin-degrader akkermansia muciniphila. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:166 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Martens EC, Lowe EC, Chiang H, Pudlo NA, Wu M et al. Recognition and degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides by two human gut symbionts. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1001221 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Paone P, Cani PD. Mucus barrier, mucins and gut microbiota: the expected slimy partners?. Gut 2020; 69:2232–2243 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Desai MS, Seekatz AM, Koropatkin NM, Kamada N, Hickey CA et al. A dietary fiber-deprived gut microbiota degrades the colonic mucus barrier and enhances pathogen susceptibility. Cell 2016; 167:1339–1353 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Rodríguez-Piñeiro AM, Johansson MEV. The colonic mucus protection depends on the microbiota. Gut Microbes 2015; 6:326–330 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Tervonen A, Ihalainen TO, Nymark S, Hyttinen J. Structural dynamics of tight junctions modulate the properties of the epithelial barrier. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214876 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Spadoni I, Zagato E, Bertocchi A, Paolinelli R, Hot E et al. A gut-vascular barrier controls the systemic dissemination of bacteria. Science 2015; 350:830–834 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Xia Y, Shi H, Qian C, Han H, Lu K et al. Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Magnesium Isoglycyrrhizinate Mediates Enhancement of Intestinal Barrier Function and Amelioration of Methotrexate-Induced Liver Injury. Front Immunol 2022; 13:13 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Gong J-Y, Ren H, Chen H-Q, Xing K, Xiao C-L et al. Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate attenuates anti-tuberculosis drug-induced Liver injury by enhancing intestinal barrier function and inhibiting the LPS/TLRs/NF-κB signaling pathway in mice. Pharmaceuticals 2022; 15:1130 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Feng Y, Huang Y, Wang Y, Wang P, Song H et al. Antibiotics induced intestinal tight junction barrier dysfunction is associated with microbiota dysbiosis, activated NLRP3 inflammasome and autophagy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218384 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Bertocchi A, Carloni S, Ravenda PS, Bertalot G, Spadoni I et al. Gut vascular barrier impairment leads to intestinal bacteria dissemination and colorectal cancer metastasis to liver. Cancer Cell 2021; 39:708–724 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Kayama H, Okumura R, Takeda K. Interaction between the microbiota, epithelia, and immune cells in the intestine. Annu Rev Immunol 2020; 38:23–48 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Wang Y, Liu Y. Gut-liver-axis: Barrier function of liver sinusoidal endothelial cell. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 36:2706–2714 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Wilson ID. Drugs, bugs, and personalized medicine: pharmacometabonomics enters the ring. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:14187–14188 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Weersma RK, Zhernakova A, Fu J. Interaction between drugs and the gut microbiome. Gut 2020; 69:1510–1519 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Thursby E, Juge N. Introduction to the human gut microbiota. Biochem J 2017; 474:1823–1836 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Human Microbiome Project C. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 2012; 486:207–214 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Huang J-F, Zhao Q, Dai M-Y, Xiao X-R, Zhang T et al. Gut microbiota protects from triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity: Key role of propionate and its downstream signalling events. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104752 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Kim IS, Yoo D-H, Jung I-H, Lim S, Jeong J-J et al. Reduced metabolic activity of gut microbiota by antibiotics can potentiate the antithrombotic effect of aspirin. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 122:72–79 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Sun L, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zheng K, Xiang Q et al. Antibiotic-induced disruption of Gut microbiota alters local metabolomes and immune responses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:99 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Gao H, Shu Q, Chen J, Fan K, Xu P et al. Antibiotic exposure has sex-dependent effects on the Gut microbiota and metabolism of short-chain fatty acids and amino acids in mice. mSystems 2019; 4:e00048-19 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Galloway AC, Anderson RV, Miller JS, Grossi EA, Baumann FG et al. Minimally invasive approach for ASD repair. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31:189–190 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Koppel N, Maini Rekdal V, Balskus EP. Chemical transformation of xenobiotics by the human gut microbiota. Science 2017; 356:eaag2770 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Lindenbaum J, Rund DG, Butler VP Jr, Tse-Eng D, Saha JR. Inactivation of digoxin by the gut flora: reversal by antibiotic therapy. N Engl J Med 1981; 305:789–794 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Haiser HJ, Gootenberg DB, Chatman K, Sirasani G, Balskus EP et al. Predicting and manipulating cardiac drug inactivation by the human gut bacterium Eggerthella lenta. Science 2013; 341:295–298 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Zimmermann M, Zimmermann-Kogadeeva M, Wegmann R, Goodman AL. Separating host and microbiome contributions to drug pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Science 2019; 363:eaat9931 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Strugala GJ, Rauws AG, Elbers R. Intestinal first pass metabolism of amygdalin in the rat in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 1986; 35:2123–2128 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Che Q, Luo T, Shi J, He Y, Xu D-L. Mechanisms by which traditional Chinese medicines influence the intestinal flora and intestinal barrier. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:863779 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Kaddurah-Daouk R, Baillie RA, Zhu H, Zeng Z-B, Wiest MM et al. Enteric microbiome metabolites correlate with response to simvastatin treatment. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25482 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Yip LY, Aw CC, Lee SH, Hong YS, Ku HC et al. The liver-gut microbiota axis modulates hepatotoxicity of tacrine in the rat. Hepatology 2018; 67:282–295 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Wallace BD, Wang H, Lane KT, Scott JE, Orans J et al. Alleviating cancer drug toxicity by inhibiting a bacterial enzyme. Science 2010; 330:831–835 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Van Driest SL, Cascorbi I. Progress and Challenges in Pharmacogenomics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 110:529–532 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Feng W, Ao H, Peng C, Yan D. Gut microbiota, a new frontier to understand traditional Chinese medicines. Pharmacol Res 2019; 142:176–191 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Forslund K, Hildebrand F, Nielsen T, Falony G, Le Chatelier E et al. Disentangling type 2 diabetes and metformin treatment signatures in the human gut microbiota. Nature 2015; 528:262–266 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Wang HY, Qi LW, Wang CZ, Li P. Bioactivity enhancement of herbal supplements by intestinal microbiota focusing on ginsenosides. Am J Chin Med 2011; 39:1103–1115 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Zhang Y, Liu X, Wang Y, Jiang P, Quek S. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of cinnamon essential oil against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Food Control 2016; 59:282–289 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Imhann F, Bonder MJ, Vich Vila A, Fu J, Mujagic Z et al. Proton pump inhibitors affect the gut microbiome. Gut 2016; 65:740–748 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Jarmusch AK, Vrbanac A, Momper JD, Ma JD, Alhaja M et al. Enhanced characterization of drug metabolism and the influence of the intestinal microbiome: A pharmacokinetic, microbiome, and untargeted metabolomics study. Clin Transl Sci 2020; 13:972–984 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Andrade RJ, Tulkens PM. Hepatic safety of antibiotics used in primary care. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66:1431–1446 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Paterson JM, Mamdani MM, Manno M, Juurlink DN. Canadian Drug Safety and Effectiveness Research Network Fluoroquinolone therapy and idiosyncratic acute liver injury: a population-based study. CMAJ 2012; 184:1565–1570 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Sun Y, Cong L, Yang S, Zhao R, An Z et al. Moxifloxacin Induced Liver injury by causing Lachnospiraceae deficiency and interfering with butyric acid production through Gut-Liver axis. Dis Markers 2022; 2022:9302733 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Andrade RJ, López-Ortega S, López-Vega MC, Robles M, Cueto I et al. Idiosyncratic drug hepatotoxicity: a 2008 update. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2008; 1:261–276 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Sun J, Zhao F, Lin B, Feng J, Wu X et al. Gut Microbiota Participates in Antithyroid Drug Induced Liver Injury Through the Lipopolysaccharide Related Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:598170 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Patil AD. Link between hypothyroidism and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2014; 18:307–309 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  72. Cani PD, Bibiloni R, Knauf C, Waget A, Neyrinck AM et al. Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice. Diabetes 2008; 57:1470–1481 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  73. Stringer AM, Gibson RJ, Logan RM, Bowen JM, Yeoh ASJ et al. Faecal microflora and beta-glucuronidase expression are altered in an irinotecan-induced diarrhea model in rats. Cancer Biol Ther 2008; 7:1919–1925 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. The effect of milk and lactobacillus feeding on human intestinal bacterial enzyme activity. Am J Clin Nutr 1984; 39:756–761 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Hofmann AF. Detoxification of lithocholic acid, a toxic bile acid: relevance to drug hepatotoxicity. Drug Metab Rev 2004; 36:703–722 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Li X-J, Jiang Z-Z, Zhang L. Triptolide: progress on research in pharmacodynamics and toxicology. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 155:67–79 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  77. Krishnan S, Ding Y, Saedi N, Choi M, Sridharan GV et al. Gut Microbiota-Derived Tryptophan Metabolites Modulate Inflammatory Response in Hepatocytes and Macrophages. Cell Reports 2018; 23:1099–1111 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Paci A, Veal G, Bardin C, Levêque D, Widmer N et al. Review of therapeutic drug monitoring of anticancer drugs part 1 – Cytotoxics. European Journal of Cancer 2014; 50:2010–2019 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Zhou B, Xia X, Wang P, Chen S, Yu C et al. Induction and Amelioration of Methotrexate-Induced Gastrointestinal Toxicity are Related to Immune Response and Gut Microbiota. EBioMedicine 2018; 33:122–133 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Sica A, Mantovani A. Macrophage plasticity and polarization: in vivo veritas. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:787–795 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Mazmanian SK, Liu CH, Tzianabos AO, Kasper DL. An immunomodulatory molecule of symbiotic bacteria directs maturation of the host immune system. Cell 2005; 122:107–118 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  82. Low EXS, Zheng Q, Chan E, Lim SG. Drug induced liver injury: East versus West - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Mol Hepatol 2020; 26:142–154 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Zhong T, Fan Y, Dong X-L, Guo X, Wong KH et al. An Investigation of the risk factors associated with anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury or abnormal Liver functioning in 757 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:708522 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Possamai LA, McPhail MJ, Khamri W, Wu B, Concas D et al. The role of intestinal microbiota in murine models of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Liver Int 2015; 35:764–773 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  85. Chopyk DM, Stuart JD, Zimmerman MG, Wen J, Gumber S et al. Acetaminophen intoxication rapidly induces apoptosis of intestinal crypt stem cells and enhances intestinal permeability. Hepatol Commun 2019; 3:1435–1449 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Xia J, Lv L, Liu B, Wang S, Zhang S et al. Akkermansia muciniphila Ameliorates Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury by Regulating Gut Microbial Composition and Metabolism. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0159621 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Gong S, Lan T, Zeng L, Luo H, Yang X et al. Gut microbiota mediates diurnal variation of acetaminophen induced acute liver injury in mice. J Hepatol 2018; 69:51–59 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Vidaurre J, Gedela S, Yarosz S. Antiepileptic Drugs and Liver Disease. Pediatr Neurol 2017; 77:23–36 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Zhou L, Zeng X, Liao J, Chen L, Ouyang D. Gut Microbiota Modulates the Protective Role of Ginsenoside Compound K Against Sodium Valproate-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rat. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:936585 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  90. Cramer P, Bresalier RS. Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Complications of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2017; 19:3 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Kleiner DE, Berman D. Pathologic changes in ipilimumab-related hepatitis in patients with metastatic melanoma. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:2233–2240 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Vétizou M, Pitt JM, Daillère R, Lepage P, Waldschmitt N et al. Anticancer immunotherapy by CTLA-4 blockade relies on the gut microbiota. Science 2015; 350:1079–1084 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Franzosa EA, Morgan XC, Segata N, Waldron L, Reyes J et al. Relating the metatranscriptome and metagenome of the human gut. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E2329–38 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Fiehn O. Combining genomics, metabolome analysis, and biochemical modelling to understand metabolic networks. Comp Funct Genomics 2001; 2:155–168 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  95. Peters DL, Wang W, Zhang X, Ning Z, Mayne J et al. Metaproteomic and Metabolomic Approaches for Characterizing the Gut Microbiome. Proteomics 2019; 19:16 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  96. Nicholson JK, Holmes E, Kinross J, Burcelin R, Gibson G et al. Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions. Science 2012; 336:1262–1267 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  97. Zhao S, Fu H, Zhou T, Cai M, Huang Y et al. Alteration of Bile Acids and Omega-6 PUFAs Are Correlated With the Progression and Prognosis of Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Front Immunol 2022; 13:772368 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Jia W, Xie G, Jia W. Bile acid–microbiota crosstalk in gastrointestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15:111–128 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  99. Kishino S, Takeuchi M, Park S-B, Hirata A, Kitamura N et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acid saturation by gut lactic acid bacteria affecting host lipid composition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:17808–17813 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Capelletti MM, Manceau H, Puy H, Peoc’h K. Ferroptosis in Liver Diseases: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:14 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Zhao J, Xie C, Wang K, Takahashi S, Krausz KW et al. Comprehensive analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics to understand triptolide-induced liver injury in mice. Toxicol Lett 2020; 333:290–302 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  102. Uetrecht J. A review of the mechanisms of valproate-induced liver injury with an emphasis on the role of reactive metabolites discovered by Tom Baillie. Med Chem Res 2023; 32:1995–2000 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.001778
Loading
The changes of gut microbiota and metabolites in different drug-induced liver injuries
J. Med. Microbiol. 72, 001778 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.001778
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.001778
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.001778
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Most cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error