ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profiles
Journal of General Virology ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profiles are a freely available series of concise, review-type articles that provide overviews of the classification, structure and properties of individual virus orders, families and genera.
ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profiles are written by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) study groups, comprised of leading experts in the field. The profiles summarise the individual chapters from the ICTV’s online 10th Report on Virus Taxonomy, and provide the latest taxonomic information on viruses.
The Microbiology Society is publishing these citable profiles online, while the full chapters are available to all through the ICTV website, thanks to a five-year Biomedical Resources grant from the Wellcome Trust.
Collection Contents
81 - 100 of 131 results
-
-
ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Endornaviridae
The family Endornaviridae includes viruses with linear, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes that range from 9.7 to 17.6 kb and have been reported infecting plants, fungi and oomycetes. The family consists of two genera, Alphaendornavirus and Betaendornavirus, into which viruses are classified based on their genome size, host and presence of unique domains. Alphaendornavirus includes species whose members infect plants, fungi and oomycetes, while the genus Betaendornavirus includes species whose members infect ascomycete fungi. This is a summary of the ICTV Report on the family Endornaviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/endornaviridae.
-
-
-
ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Nimaviridae
The family Nimaviridae includes the single species White spot syndrome virus, isolates of which infect a wide range of aquatic crustaceans and cause substantial economic losses. Virions are ellipsoid to bacilliform with a terminal thread-like extension. The circular dsDNA genome is 280–307 kbp with several homologous repeat regions. More than 80 structural and functional proteins have been characterized from 531 ORFs. White spot syndrome is a highly lethal, contagious disease associated with white spot syndrome virus infection of shrimps. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Nimaviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/nimaviridae.
-
-
-
ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Filoviridae
Jens H. Kuhn, Gaya K. Amarasinghe, Christopher F. Basler, Sina Bavari, Alexander Bukreyev, Kartik Chandran, Ian Crozier, Olga Dolnik, John M. Dye, Pierre B. H. Formenty, Anthony Griffiths, Roger Hewson, Gary P. Kobinger, Eric M. Leroy, Elke Mühlberger, Sergey V. Netesov (Нетёсов Сергей Викторович), Gustavo Palacios, Bernadett Pályi, Janusz T. Pawęska, Sophie J. Smither, Ayato Takada (高田礼人), Jonathan S. Towner, Victoria Wahl and ICTV Report ConsortiumMembers of the family Filoviridae produce variously shaped, often filamentous, enveloped virions containing linear non-segmented, negative-sense RNA genomes of 15–19 kb. Several filoviruses (e.g., Ebola virus) are pathogenic for humans and are highly virulent. Several filoviruses infect bats (e.g., Marburg virus), whereas the hosts of most other filoviruses are unknown. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on Filoviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/filoviridae.
-
-
-
ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Solinviviridae
Solinviviridae is a family of picorna/calici-like viruses with non-segmented, linear, positive-sense RNA genomes of approximately 10–11 kb. Unusually, their capsid proteins are encoded towards the 3′-end of the genome where they can be expressed both from a subgenomic RNA and as an extension of the replication (picorna-like helicase–protease–polymerase) polyprotein. Members of two species within the family infect ants, but related unclassified virus sequences derive from a large variety of insects and other arthropods. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the Solinviviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/solinviviridae.
-
-
-
ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Polycipiviridae
Polycipiviridae is a family of picorna-like viruses with non-segmented, linear, positive-sense RNA genomes of approximately 10–12 kb. Unusually for viruses within the order Picornavirales, their genomes are polycistronic, with four (or more) consecutive 5′-proximal open reading frames (ORFs) encoding structural (and possibly other) proteins and a long 3′ ORF encoding the replication polyprotein. Members of species within the family have all been detected in ants or via arthropod transcriptomic datasets. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the Polycipiviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/polycipiviridae.
-
-
-
ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Parvoviridae
Members of the family Parvoviridae are small, resilient, non-enveloped viruses with linear, single-stranded DNA genomes of 4–6 kb. Viruses in two subfamilies, the Parvovirinae and Densovirinae, are distinguished primarily by their respective ability to infect vertebrates (including humans) versus invertebrates. Being genetically limited, most parvoviruses require actively dividing host cells and are host and/or tissue specific. Some cause diseases, which range from subclinical to lethal. A few require co-infection with helper viruses from other families. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the Parvoviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/parvoviridae.
-
-
-
ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Tristromaviridae
More LessTristromaviridae is a family of viruses with linear, double-stranded DNA genomes of 16–18 kbp. The flexible, filamentous virions (400±20 nm×30±3 nm) consist of an envelope and an inner core constructed from two structural units: a rod-shaped helical nucleocapsid and a nucleocapsid-encompassing matrix protein layer. Tristromaviruses are lytic and infect hyperthermophilic archaea of the order Thermoproteales . This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the Tristromaviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/tristromaviridae.
-
-
-
ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Picobirnaviridae
Picobirnaviridae is a family of viruses with bi-segmented (rarely unsegmented) dsRNA genomes comprising about 4.4 kbp in total, with small, non-enveloped spherical virions. The family includes one genus (Picobirnavirus) grouping three genetic clusters with high sequence variability, two defined by viruses infecting vertebrates and a third with viruses found in invertebrates. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of Picobirnaviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/picobirnaviridae.
-
-
-
ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Nodaviridae
More LessThe family Nodaviridae includes two genera, Alphanodavirus and Betanodavirus. The family name derives from the Japanese village of Nodamura where Nodamura virus was first isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes. Virions are non-enveloped and spherical in shape with icosahedral symmetry (T=3) and diameters ranging from 25 to 33 nm. The genome consists of two molecules of single-stranded positive-sense RNA: RNA1 and RNA2. The virion capsid consists of 180 protein subunits arranged on a T=3 surface lattice. Alphanodaviruses infect insects, whereas betanodaviruses are pathogens of fish. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the Nodaviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/nodaviridae.
-
-
-
ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Birnaviridae
Birnaviridae is a family of viruses with bi-segmented dsRNA genomes totalling about 6 kbp forming icosahedral, non-enveloped virions. The family includes four genera, members of three of which (Aquabirnavirus, Avibirnavirus and Blosnavirus) infect vertebrates (excluding mammals), whereas members of the fourth genus (Entomobirnavirus) infect insects. Each genus includes 1–3 species. Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus of salmonids and infectious bursal disease virus of poultry are two economically important birnaviruses. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of Birnaviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/birnaviridae.
-
-
-
ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Deltavirus
Hepatitis delta virus, the only member of the only species in the genus Deltavirus, is a unique human pathogen. Its ~1.7 kb circular negative-sense RNA genome encodes a protein, hepatitis delta antigen, which occurs in two forms, small and large, both with unique functions. Hepatitis delta virus uses host RNA polymerase II to replicate via double rolling circle RNA synthesis. Newly synthesized linear RNAs are circularized after autocatalytic cleavage and ligation. Hepatitis delta virus requires the envelope of the helper virus, hepatitis B virus (family Hepadnaviridae), to produce infectious particles. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of Deltavirus which is available at www.ictv.global/report/deltavirus.
-
-
-
ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Sarthroviridae
More LessThe family Sarthroviridae includes a single genus, Macronovirus, which in turn includes a single species, Macrobrachium satellite virus 1. Members of this species, named extra small virus, are satellite viruses of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus, an unclassified virus related to members of the family Nodaviridae. Both viruses have isometric, spherical virions, infect giant freshwater prawns and together cause white tail disease, which is responsible for mass mortalities and severe economic losses in hatcheries and farms. Infection is caused by both vertical and horizontal transmission of virus. Aquatic insects act as a carrier to transmit the disease in prawns. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the Sarthroviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/sarthroviridae.
-
-
-
ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Fimoviridae
Members of the family Fimoviridae, order Bunyavirales are plant viruses with segmented, linear, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genomes. They are distantly related to orthotospoviruses and orthobunyaviruses of the families Tospoviridae and Peribunyaviridae, respectively. The family Fimoviridae includes the genus Emaravirus, which comprises several species with European mountain ash ringspot-associated emaravirus as the type species. Fimoviruses are transmitted to plants by eriophyid mite vectors and induce similar characteristic cytopathologies in their host plants, including the presence of double membrane-bound bodies in the cytoplasm of the virus-infected cells. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the Fimoviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/fimoviridae.
-
-
-
ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Quadriviridae
More LessThe Quadriviridae is a monogeneric family of non-enveloped spherical viruses with quadripartite dsRNA genomes, each segment of 3.5–5.0 kbp, comprising 16.8–17.1 kbp in total. The family includes the single species Rosellinia necatrix quadrivirus 1. All quadriviruses infect filamentous fungi, and have unique virion structures compared with other known dsRNA viruses. Pathogenicity has not been reported for these viruses. This is a summary of the ICTV Report on the taxonomy of family Quadriviridae, which is available at http://www.ictv.global/report/quadriviridae.
-
-
-
ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Globuloviridae
More LessThe family Globuloviridae comprises enveloped viruses with linear, double-stranded DNA genomes of about 21–28 kbp. The virions are spherical with a diameter of 70–100 nm. No information is available about genome replication. Globuloviruses infect hyperthermophilic archaea belonging to the genera Pyrobaculum and Thermoproteus, which thrive in extreme geothermal environments. Infection does not cause lysis of host cells and is noncytocidal. The viral genome does not integrate into the host chromosome. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the Globuloviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/globuloviridae.
-
-
-
ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Baculoviridae
The family Baculoviridae comprises large viruses with circular dsDNA genomes ranging from 80 to 180 kbp. The virions consist of enveloped, rod-shaped nucleocapsids and are embedded in distinctive occlusion bodies measuring 0.15–5 µm. The occlusion bodies consist of a matrix composed of a single viral protein expressed at high levels during infection. Members of this family infect exclusively larvae of the insect orders Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the Baculoviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/baculoviridae.
-
-
-
ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Papillomaviridae
The Papillomaviridae is a family of small, non-enveloped viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes of 5 748 to 8 607 bp. Their classification is based on pairwise nucleotide sequence identity across the L1 open reading frame. Members of the Papillomaviridae primarily infect mucosal and keratinised epithelia, and have been isolated from fish, reptiles, birds and mammals. Despite a long co-evolutionary history with their hosts, some papillomaviruses are pathogens of their natural host species. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the Papillomaviridae, which is available at http://www.ictv.global/report/papillomaviridae.
-
-
-
ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Bicaudaviridae
More LessThe family Bicaudaviridae includes viruses that infect hyperthermophilic archaea in the genus Acidianus. The circular double-stranded DNA genome of Acidianus two-tailed virus consists of 62 730 bp, and replication can be either lytic or lysogenic. Virions undergo unique extracellular morphogenesis, being released from host cells as spindle-shaped particles that subsequently develop long tails, one at each of the two pointed ends. The spindle-shaped morphology represents a group of archaea-specific virion morphotypes. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the Bicaudaviridae which is available at www.ictv.global/report/bicaudaviridae.
-
-
-
ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Togaviridae
The Togaviridae is a family of small, enveloped viruses with single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes of 10–12 kb. Within the family, the genus Alphavirus includes a large number of diverse species, while the genus Rubivirus includes the single species Rubella virus. Most alphaviruses are mosquito-borne and are pathogenic in their vertebrate hosts. Many are important human and veterinary pathogens (e.g. chikungunya virus and eastern equine encephalitis virus). Rubella virus is transmitted by respiratory routes among humans. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the Togaviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/togaviridae.
-
-
-
ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Asfarviridae
The family Asfarviridae includes the single species African swine fever virus, isolates of which have linear dsDNA genomes of 170–194 kbp. Virions have an internal core, an internal lipid membrane, an icosahedral capsid and an outer lipid envelope. Infection of domestic pigs and wild boar results in an acute haemorrhagic fever with transmission by contact or ingestion, or by ticks of the genus Ornithodoros. Indigenous pigs act as reservoirs in Africa, where infection is endemic, and from where introductions occur periodically to Europe. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the Asfarviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/asfarviridae.
-