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Volume 169, Issue 11

Flipping the switch: dynamic modulation of membrane transporter activity in bacteria Open Access

This article is part of the Bacterial Cell Envelopes collection.

Abstract

The controlled entry and expulsion of small molecules across the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane is essential for efficient cell growth and cellular homeostasis. While much is known about the transcriptional regulation of genes encoding transporters, less is understood about how transporter activity is modulated once the protein is functional in the membrane, a potentially more rapid and dynamic level of control. In this review, we bring together literature from the bacterial transport community exemplifying the extensive and diverse mechanisms that have evolved to rapidly modulate transporter function, predominantly by switching activity off. This includes small molecule feedback, inhibition by interaction with small peptides, regulation through binding larger signal transduction proteins and, finally, the emerging area of controlled proteolysis. Many of these examples have been discovered in the context of metal transport, which has to finely balance active accumulation of elements that are essential for growth but can also quickly become toxic if intracellular homeostasis is not tightly controlled. Consistent with this, these transporters appear to be regulated at multiple levels. Finally, we find common regulatory themes, most often through the fusion of additional regulatory domains to transporters, which suggest the potential for even more widespread regulation of transporter activity in biology.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
Keyword(s): ABC , bacteria , membrane transport and post-translational regulation
Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (Award BB/M011151/1)
    • Principle Award Recipient: GavinH. Thomas
© 2023 The Authors
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. This article was made open access via a Publish and Read agreement between the Microbiology Society and the corresponding author’s institution.
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2023-11-10
2024-04-27
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Flipping the switch: dynamic modulation of membrane transporter activity in bacteria
Microbiology 169, 001412 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.001412
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