1887

Abstract

Selection for carotenogenesis in was achieved by exposure of yeast strains to dark chemical reactions that generate singlet oxygen. Incubation of a mixture of strains containing varying levels of carotenoids in hypochlorous acid or hydrogen peroxide resulted in weak selection for pigmented strains. However, the combination of hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid was strongly selective for carotenogenesis and gave a monoculture of a carotenoid-hyperproducer. Exposure of the yeast to ozone for 10 to 20 min also selected for a hyperproducing strain. These selections were relieved by 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]-octane, a specific quencher of singlet oxygen or by -ascorbic acid. Continuous growth of on agar plates in an ozone/air atmosphere for 5 d decreased astaxanthin and total carotenoid levels and increased the levels of carotenoid biosynthetic intermediates. Repeated rounds of random mutagenesis followed by ozone exposure yielded mutant strains with higher pigmentation than control cultures. Our results support the hypothesis that a primary function of carotenoids in is to protect against singlet oxygen generated in the natural environment of the yeast and that a practical method for preventing strain degeneration during industrial fermentations may be achieved by generation of singlet oxygen using simple chemical supplements or by bubbling ozone through cultures during fermentation.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/micro/10.1099/13500872-142-10-2923
1996-10-01
2024-12-13
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/micro/142/10/mic-142-10-2923.html?itemId=/content/journal/micro/10.1099/13500872-142-10-2923&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. An G.-H., Johnson E.A. 1990; Influence of light on growth and pigmentation of the yeast Phaffia rhodoɀyma.. Antonie Leeuwenhoek 57:191–203
    [Google Scholar]
  2. An G.-H., Schuman D.B., Johnson E.A. 1989; Isolation of mutants of Phaffia rhodoɀyma with increased quantities of astaxanthin.. Appl Environ Microbiol 55:116–124
    [Google Scholar]
  3. An G.-H., Bielich J., Auerbach R., Johnson E.A. 1991; Isolation and characterization of carotenoid hyperproducing mutant yeasts by flow cytometry and cell sorting.. Bio/Technology 9:70–73
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Anonymous. 1991; FSIS approves recycled ozonated poultry chiller water. Food Chem News 33:44–45
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Bader H., Hoigne J. 1981; Determination of ozone in water by the indigo method. Water Res 15:449–456
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Ballach H.-J., Mooi J., Wittig R. 1992; Premature aging in Populus nigra L. after exposure to air pollutants. Angew Bot 66:14–20
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bradley D.G., Min D.B. 1992; Singlet oxygen oxidation of foods. Crit Rep Food Sci Nutr 31:211–236
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Burton G.W., Ingold K.U. 1984; β-Carotene: an unusual type of lipid antioxidant. Science 224:569–573
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Calo P., Velazquez J.B., Siero C., Blanco P., Longo E., Villa T.G. 1995; Analysis of astaxanthin and other carotenoids from several Phaffia rhodoɀyma mutants. J Agric Food Chem 43:1396–1399
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Casse R.A. , Bradley R.L . Jr Williams R.R. . 1985; Chemical and physical methods: available chlorine. In Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products, 15th edn. pp. 344–346 Edited by Richardson G. H. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association;
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Duckmanton L., Widden P. 1994; Effect of ozone on the development of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in sugar maple saplings. Mycologia 86:181–186
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Fang T.J., Cheng Y.-S. 1993; Improvement of astaxanthin production by Phaffia rhodoɀyma through mutation and optimization of culture conditions. J Ferm Bioeng 75:466–469
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Gerster H. 1993; Anticarcinogenic effect of common carotenoids. Int J Vit Nutr Res 63:93–121
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Golubev W.I. 1995; Perfect state of Rhodomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodoɀyma). Yeast 11:101–110
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Hirayama O., Nakamura K., Hamada S., Kobayashi Y. 1994; Singlet oxygen quenching ability of naturally occurring carotenoids. Lipids 29:149–150
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Johnson E.A., An G.-H. 1991; Astaxanthin from microbial sources. Crit Rev Biotechnol 11:297–326
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Johnson E.A., Schroeder W.A. 1996; Microbial Carotenoids. In Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology pp. 119–178 Edited by Fiechter A. Berlin: Springer-Verlag;
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Kanofsky J. R., Sima P. 1991; Singlet oxygen production from the reactions of ozone with biological molecules. J Biol Chem 266:9039–9042
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Kanofsky J. R., Sima P. 1995a; Singlet oxygen generation from the reaction of ozone with plant leaves. J Biol Chem 270:7850–7852
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Kanofsky J. R., Sima P. 1995b; Reactive absorption of ozone by aqueous biomolecule solutions: implications for the role of sulfhydryl compounds as targets for ozone. Arch Biochem Biophys 316:52–62
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Khan A.U., Kasha M. 1994; Singlet molecular oxygen evolution upon simple acidification of aqueous hypochlorite: applications to studies on the deleterious health effects of chlorinated drinking water. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 9112362–12364
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Lewis M.J., Ragot N., Berlant M.C., Miranda M. 1990; Selection of astaxanthin-overproducing mutants of Phaffia rhodoɀyma with β-ionone. Appl Environ Microbiol 56:2944–2945
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Meyer P.S., DuPreez J.C. 1994; Photo-regulated astaxanthin production by Phaffia rhodoɀyma mutants. System Appl Microbiol 17:24–31
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Meyers S.P. 1994; Developments in world aquaculture, feed formulations, and the role of carotenoids. Pure Appl Chem 66:1069–1076
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Mitsubishi. 1994; β-Carotene production from Dunaliella salina in the presence of ozone. Japanese patent no. JP06253819.
  26. Mustapha A., Liewen M.B. 1989; Destruction of Listeria monocytogenes by sodium hypochlorite and quaternary ammonium sanitizers. J Food Prot 52:306–311
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Oliveros E., Murasecco-Suardi P., Braun A.M., Hansen H.-J. 1992; Efficiency of singlet oxygen quenching by carotenoids measured by near-infrared steady-state luminescence. In Carotenoids. Part A: Chemistry, Separations, Quantitation and Antioxidation. Edited by Packer L. Methods Enɀymol 213420–429
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Phaff H.J., Miller M.W., Yoneyama M., Soneda M. 1972; A comparative study of the yeast florae associated with trees on the Japanese Islands and on the west coast of North America. In Proceedings of the 4th IFS: Fermentation Technology Today pp. 759–774 Edited by Terui G. Osaka: Kyoto Society of Fermentation Technology;
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Polle A., Mossnang M., von Schonborn A., Sladkovic R., Rennenberg H. 1992; Field studies on Norway spruce trees at high altitudes. New Phytol 121:89–99
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Pryor W.A., Das B., Church D.F. 1991; The ozonation of unsaturated fatty acids: aldehydes and hydrogen peroxide as products and possible mediators of ozone toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 4:341–348
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Schroeder W.A., Johnson E.A. 1993; Antioxidant role of carotenoids in Phaffia rhodoɀyma . J Gen Microbiol 139:907–912
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Schroeder W.A., Johnson E.A. 1995a; Carotenoids protect Phaffia rhodoɀyma against singlet oxygen damage. J Ind Microbiol 14:502–507
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Schroeder W.A., Johnson E.A. 1995b; Singlet oxygen and peroxyl radicals regulate carotenoid biosynthesis in Phaffia rhodoɀyma . J Biol Chem 270:18374–18379
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Wieth T. 1991 Development of a yeast product with high astaxanthin content. PhD thesis. Akademiet for de Tekniske Videnskaber, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Wingsle G., Mattson A., Ekblad A., Hallgren J.-E., Selstam E. 1992; Activities of glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase in relation to changes of lipids and pigments due to ozone in seedlings of Pinus sylvestris (L.). Plant Sci 82:167–178
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journal/micro/10.1099/13500872-142-10-2923
Loading
/content/journal/micro/10.1099/13500872-142-10-2923
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error