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Summary: Neocallimastix sp. NC71 and Piromyces sp. PC12 isolated from the calf rumen grew optimally at 39 °C and pH 6·5–6·7, utilized a wide range of mono-, oligo- and polysaccharides and exhibited CMCase, Avicelase, cellobiase, amylase and xylanase activities. The end-products of wheat straw fermentation by both strains were acetate, formate, ethanol and lactate. The number of Neocallimastix sp. zoospores in the rumen of cows in the first 3h after feeding with hay-silage-concentrate diets varied from 7 × 103 to 5·4 × 105 ml−1; the number of uniflagellate zoospores varied from 104 to 105 ml−1. Fungal zoosporogenesis and colonization of plant substrates in the rumen were induced by feed intake and were favoured by increased levels of crude fibre in the diet.
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