1887

Abstract

The Gram-negative enteric bacterium is a frequent cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in individuals with long-term indwelling catheters or with complicated urinary tracts. The recent release of the strain HI4320 genome sequence has facilitated identification of potential virulence factors in this organism. Genes appearing to encode a type III secretion system (TTSS) were found in a low GC-content pathogenicity island in the chromosome. This island contains 24 intact genes that appear to encode all components necessary to assemble a TTSS needle complex, plus at least two putative secreted effector proteins and their chaperones. The genetic organization of the TTSS genes is very similar to that of the TTSS of . RT-PCR analysis indicated that these genes are expressed at low levels . However, insertional mutation of two putative TTSS genes, encoding the requisite ATPase and a possible negative regulator, resulted in no change in either the growth rate of the mutant or the secreted protein profile compared to wild-type. Furthermore, there was no difference in quantitative cultures of urine, bladder and kidney between the ATPase mutant and the wild-type strain in the mouse model of ascending UTI in either independent challenge or co-challenge experiments. The role of the TTSS, if any, is yet to be determined.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.47314-0
2007-10-01
2024-10-11
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jmm/56/10/1277.html?itemId=/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.47314-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Adegbola R. A., Old D. C., Senior B. W. 1983; The adhesins and fimbriae of Proteus mirabilis strains associated with high and low affinity for the urinary tract. J Med Microbiol 16:427–431 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Alfano J. R., Collmer A. 2004; Type III secretion system effector proteins: double agents in bacterial disease and plant defense. Annu Rev Phytopathol 42:385–414 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Altschul S. F., Gish W., Miller W., Myers E. W., Lipman D. J. 1990; Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215:403–410 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bahrani F. K., Cook S., Hull R. A., Massad G., Mobley H. L. 1993; Proteus mirabilis fimbriae: N-terminal amino acid sequence of a major fimbrial subunit and nucleotide sequences of the genes from two strains. Infect Immun 61:884–891
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Bahrani F. K., Massad G., Lockatell C. V., Johnson D. E., Russell R. G., Warren J. W., Mobley H. L. 1994; Construction of an MR/P fimbrial mutant of Proteus mirabilis : role in virulence in a mouse model of ascending urinary tract infection. Infect Immun 62:3363–3371
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Bahrani F. K., Sansonetti P. J., Parsot C. 1997; Secretion of Ipa proteins of Shigella flexneri : inducer molecules and kinetics of action. Infect Immun 65:4005–4010
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Belas R., Erskine D., Flaherty D. 1991; Transposon mutagenesis in Proteus mirabilis . J Bacteriol 173:6289–6293
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Buchrieser C., Glaser P., Rusniok C., Nedjari H., D'Hauteville H., Kunst F., Sansonetti P., Parsot C. 2000; The virulence plasmid pWR100 and the repertoire of proteins secreted by the type III secretion apparatus of Shigella flexneri . Mol Microbiol 38:760–771 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Coker C., Poore C. A., Li X., Mobley H. L. 2000; Pathogenesis of Proteus mirabilis urinary tract infection. Microbes Infect 2:1497–1505 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Cook S. W., Mody N., Valle J., Hull R. 1995; Molecular cloning of Proteus mirabilis uroepithelial cell adherence ( uca ) genes. Infect Immun 63:2082–2086
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Cornelis G. R. 2006; The type III secretion injectisome. Nat Rev Microbiol 4:811–825 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Davanloo P., Rosenberg A. H., Dunn J. J., Studier F. W. 1984; Cloning and expression of the gene for bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 81:2035–2039 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Demers B., Sansonetti P. J., Parsot C. 1998; Induction of type III secretion in Shigella flexneri is associated with differential control of transcription of genes encoding secreted proteins. EMBO J 17:2894–2903 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Dumanski A. J., Hedelin H., Edin-Liljegren A., Beauchemin D., McLean R. J. 1994; Unique ability of the Proteus mirabilis capsule to enhance mineral growth in infectious urinary calculi. Infect Immun 62:2998–3003
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Espinosa A., Alfano J. R. 2004; Disabling surveillance: bacterial type III secretion system effectors that suppress innate immunity. Cell Microbiol 6:1027–1040 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Griffith D. P., Musher D. M., Itin C. 1976; Urease. The primary cause of infection-induced urinary stones. Invest Urol 13:346–350
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Gruenheid S., Sekirov I., Thomas N. A., Deng W., O'Donnell P., Goode D., Li Y., Frey E. A., Brown N. F. other authors 2004; Identification and characterization of NleA, a non-LEE-encoded type III translocated virulence factor of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 : H7. Mol Microbiol 51:1233–1249 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Hagberg L., Engberg I., Freter R., Lam J., Olling S., Svanborg Eden C. 1983; Ascending, unobstructed urinary tract infection in mice caused by pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli of human origin. Infect Immun 40:273–283
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Hayashi T., Makino K., Ohnishi M., Kurokawa K., Ishii K., Yokoyama K., Han C. G., Ohtsubo E., Nakayama K. other authors 2001; Complete genome sequence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and genomic comparison with a laboratory strain K-12. DNA Res 8:11–22 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Hovey A. K., Frank D. W. 1995; Analyses of the DNA-binding and transcriptional activation properties of ExsA, the transcriptional activator of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S regulon. J Bacteriol 177:4427–4436
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Jarvis K. G., Giron J. A., Jerse A. E., McDaniel T. K., Donnenberg M. S., Kaper J. B. 1995; Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli contains a putative type III secretion system necessary for the export of proteins involved in attaching and effacing lesion formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:7996–8000 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Johnson D. E., Lockatell C. V., Hall-Craigs M., Mobley H. L., Warren J. W. 1987; Uropathogenicity in rats and mice of Providencia stuartii from long-term catheterized patients. J Urol 138:632–635
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Li X., Johnson D. E., Mobley H. L. 1999; Requirement of MrpH for mannose-resistant Proteus -like fimbria-mediated hemagglutination by Proteus mirabilis . Infect Immun 67:2822–2833
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Massad G., Bahrani F. K., Mobley H. L. 1994; Proteus mirabilis fimbriae: identification, isolation, and characterization of a new ambient-temperature fimbria. Infect Immun 62:1989–1994
    [Google Scholar]
  25. McCaw M. L., Lykken G. L., Singh P. K., Yahr T. L. 2002; ExsD is a negative regulator of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion regulon. Mol Microbiol 46:1123–1133 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  26. McDaniel T. K., Kaper J. B. 1997; A cloned pathogenicity island from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli confers the attaching and effacing phenotype on E. coli K-12. Mol Microbiol 23:399–407 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Menard R., Sansonetti P. J., Parsot C. 1993; Nonpolar mutagenesis of the ipa genes defines IpaB, IpaC,and IpaD as effectors of Shigella flexneri entry into epithelial cells. J Bacteriol 175:5899–5906
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Mills S. D., Boland A., Sory M. P., van der Smissen P., Kerbourch C., Finlay B. B., Cornelis G. R. 1997; Yersinia enterocolitica induces apoptosis in macrophages by a process requiring functional type III secretion and translocation mechanisms and involving YopP, presumably acting as an effector protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:12638–12643 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Mobley H. L., Belas R. 1995; Swarming and pathogenicity of Proteus mirabilis in the urinary tract. Trends Microbiol 3:280–284 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Mobley H. L., Chippendale G. R. 1990; Hemagglutinin, urease, and hemolysin production by Proteus mirabilis from clinical sources. J Infect Dis 161:525–530 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Mobley H. L., Chippendale G. R., Swihart K. G., Welch R. A. 1991; Cytotoxicity of the HpmA hemolysin and urease of Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris against cultured human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Infect Immun 59:2036–2042
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Mobley H. L., Belas R., Lockatell V., Chippendale G., Trifillis A. L., Johnson D. E., Warren J. W. 1996; Construction of a flagellum-negative mutant of Proteus mirabilis : effect on internalization by human renal epithelial cells and virulence in a mouse model of ascending urinary tract infection. Infect Immun 64:5332–5340
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Mota L. J., Cornelis G. R. 2005; The bacterial injection kit: type III secretion systems. Ann Med 37:234–249 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Perna N. T., Plunkett G. III, Burland V., Mau B., Glasner J. D., Rose D. J., Mayhew G. F., Evans P. S., Gregor J. other authors 2001; Genome sequence of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 : H7. Nature 409:529–533 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Ren C. P., Chaudhuri R. R., Fivian A., Bailey C. M., Antonio M., Barnes W. M., Pallen M. J. 2004; The ETT2 gene cluster, encoding a second type III secretion system from Escherichia coli , is present in the majority of strains but has undergone widespread mutational attrition. J Bacteriol 186:3547–3560 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Rosqvist R., Bolin I., Wolf-Watz H. 1988; Inhibition of phagocytosis in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis : a virulence plasmid-encoded ability involving the Yop2b protein. Infect Immun 56:2139–2143
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Sambrook J., Fritsch E. F., Maniatis T. 1989 Molecular Cloning, a Laboratory Manual , 2nd edn. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory;
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Schulte R., Wattiau P., Hartland E. L., Robins-Browne R. M., Cornelis G. R. 1996; Differential secretion of interleukin-8 by human epithelial cell lines upon entry of virulent or nonvirulent Yersinia enterocolitica . Infect Immun 64:2106–2113
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Senior B. W. 1983; Proteus morgani is less frequently associated with urinary tract infections than Proteus mirabilis – an explanation. J Med Microbiol 16:317–322 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Senior B. W., Albrechtsen M., Kerr M. A. 1987; Proteus mirabilis strains of diverse type have IgA protease activity. J Med Microbiol 24:175–180 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Swihart K. G., Welch R. A. 1990; Cytotoxic activity of the Proteus hemolysin HpmA. Infect Immun 58:1861–1869
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Walker K. E., Moghaddame-Jafari S., Lockatell C. V., Johnson D., Belas R. 1999; ZapA, the IgA-degrading metalloprotease of Proteus mirabilis , is a virulence factor expressed specifically in swarmer cells. Mol Microbiol 32:825–836 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Wray S. K., Hull S. I., Cook R. G., Barrish J., Hull R. A. 1986; Identification and characterization of a uroepithelial cell adhesin from a uropathogenic isolate of Proteus mirabilis . Infect Immun 54:43–49
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Yuk M. H., Harvill E. T., Miller J. F. 1998; The BvgAS virulence control system regulates type III secretion in Bordetella bronchiseptica . Mol Microbiol 28:945–959 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Zhang L., Chaudhuri R. R., Constantinidou C., Hobman J. L., Patel M. D., Jones A. C., Sarti D., Roe A. J., Vlisidou I. other authors 2004; Regulators encoded in the Escherichia coli type III secretion system 2 gene cluster influence expression of genes within the locus for enterocyte effacement in enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157 : H7. Infect Immun 72:7282–7293 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.47314-0
Loading
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.47314-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error