Echinocandin resistance due to simultaneous FKS mutation and increased cell wall chitin in a Candida albicans bloodstream isolate following brief exposure to caspofungin

References

1. Ben-Ami R., Garcia-Effron G., Lewis R. E., Gamarra S., Leventakos K., Perlin D. S., Kontoyiannis D. P. 2011; Fitness and virulence costs of Candida albicans FKS1 hot spot mutations associated with echinocandin resistance. J Infect Dis 204:626–635 [View Article][PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
2. Chalmers C. M., Bal A. M. 2011; Management of fungal infections in the intensive care unit: a survey of UK practice. Br J Anaesth 106:827–831 [View Article][PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
3. Costa-de-Oliveira S., Marcos Miranda I., Silva R. M., Pinto E Silva A., Rocha R., Amorim A., Gonçalves Rodrigues A., Pina-Vaz C. 2011; FKS2 mutations associated with decreased echinocandin susceptibility of Candida glabrata following anidulafungin therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55:1312–1314 [View Article][PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
4. Dannaoui E., Desnos-Ollivier M., Garcia-Hermoso D., Grenouillet F., Cassaing S., Baixench M. T., Bretagne S., Dromer F., Lortholary O. French Mycoses Study Group 2012; Candida spp. with acquired echinocandin resistance, France, 2004–2010. Emerg Infect Dis 18:86–90 [View Article][PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
5. Garcia-Effron G., Park S., Perlin D. S. 2009; Correlating echinocandin MIC and kinetic inhibition of fks1 mutant glucan synthases for Candida albicans: implications for interpretive breakpoints. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53:112–122 [View Article][PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
6. Garcia-Effron G., Chua D. J., Tomada J. R., DiPersio J., Perlin D. S., Ghannoum M., Bonilla H. 2010; Novel FKS mutations associated with echinocandin resistance in Candida species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:2225–2227 [View Article][PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
7. Kofteridis D. P., Lewis R. E., Kontoyiannis D. P. 2010; Caspofungin-non-susceptible Candida isolates in cancer patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 65:293–295 [View Article][PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
8. Lee K. K., Maccallum D. M., Jacobsen M. D., Walker L. A., Odds F. C., Gow N. A., Munro C. A. 2012; Elevated cell wall chitin in Candida albicans confers echinocandin resistance in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56:208–217 [View Article][PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
9. Pappas P. G., Kauffman C. A., Andes D., Benjamin D. K. Jr, Calandra T. F., Edwards J. E. Jr, Filler S. G., Fisher J. F., Kullberg B. J. other authors 2009; Clinical practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 48:503–535 [View Article][PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
10. Park S., Kelly R., Kahn J. N., Robles J., Hsu M. J., Register E., Li W., Vyas V., Fan H. other authors 2005; Specific substitutions in the echinocandin target Fks1p account for reduced susceptibility of rare laboratory and clinical Candida sp. isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:3264–3273 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
11. Parkins M. D., Sabuda D. M., Elsayed S., Laupland K. B. 2007; Adequacy of empirical antifungal therapy and effect on outcome among patients with invasive Candida species infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 60:613–618 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
12. Pfeiffer C. D., Garcia-Effron G., Zaas A. K., Perfect J. R., Perlin D. S., Alexander B. D. 2010; Breakthrough invasive candidiasis in patients on micafungin. J Clin Microbiol 48:2373–2380 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
13. Ruhnke M., Rickerts V., Cornely O. A., Buchheidt D., Glöckner A., Heinz W., Höhl R., Horré R., Karthaus M. other authors 2011; Diagnosis and therapy of Candida infections: joint recommendations of the German Speaking Mycological Society and the Paul-Ehrlich-Society for Chemotherapy. Mycoses 54:279–310 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
14. Schelenz S., Barnes R. A., Kibbler C. C., Jones B. L., Denning D. W. 2009; Standards of care for patients with invasive fungal infections within the United Kingdom: a national audit. J Infect 58:145–153 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
15. Schuster M. G., Edwards J. E. Jr, Sobel J. D., Darouiche R. O., Karchmer A. W., Hadley S., Slotman G., Panzer H., Biswas P., Rex J. H. 2008; Empirical fluconazole versus placebo for intensive care unit patients: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 149:83–90[PubMed] [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
16. Walker L. A., Munro C. A., de Bruijn I., Lenardon M. D., McKinnon A., Gow N. A. 2008; Stimulation of chitin synthesis rescues Candida albicans from echinocandins. PLoS Pathog 4:e1000040 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
17. Walker L. A., Gow N. A., Munro C. A. 2010; Fungal echinocandin resistance. Fungal Genet Biol 47:117–126 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]