1887

Abstract

Enterotoxigenic (ETEC) is the most common bacterial cause of childhood diarrhoea in Bangladesh. Among the virulence factors of ETEC, toxins and colonization factors (CFs) play a major role in pathogenesis. Unlike , the relationship between ETEC and ETEC-specific phages is poorly understood and the possible role of ETEC phages in the evolution of ETEC strains in the environment is yet to be established. This study was designed specifically to isolate phages that are specific for ETEC virulence factors. Among the 49 phages isolated from 12 different surface water samples, 13 were tested against 211 ETEC strains collected from clinical and environmental sources. One phage, designated IMM-001, showed a significant specificity towards CS7 CF as it attacked all the CS7-expressing ETEC. Electron microscopic analyses showed that the isolated phage possessed an isomeric hexagonal head and a long filamentous tail. An antibody blocking method and phage neutralization assay confirmed that CS7 pilus is required for the phage infection process, indicating the role of CS7 fimbrial protein as a potential receptor for IMM-001. In summary, this study showed the presence of a lytic phage in environmental water that is specific for the CS7 CF of ETEC.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.014795-0
2010-03-01
2024-12-14
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jmm/59/3/266.html?itemId=/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.014795-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Begum Y. A., Talukder K. A., Nair G. B., Khan S. I., Svennerholm A. M., Sack R. B., Qadri F. 2007; Comparison of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from surface water and diarrhoeal stool samples in Bangladesh. Can J Microbiol 53:19–26 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Binsztein N., Jouve M. J., Viboud G. I., Lopez Moral L., Rivas M., Orskov I., Ahren C., Svennerholm A. M. 1991; Colonization factors of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from children with diarrhea in Argentina. J Clin Microbiol 29:1893–1898
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Black R. E. 1993; Persistent diarrhea in children of developing countries. Pediatr Infect Dis J 12:751–761 (discussion 762–764) [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Chibani-Chennoufi S., Sidoti J., Bruttin A., Dillmann M. L., Kutter E., Qadri F., Sarker S. A., Brüssow H. 2004; Isolation of Escherichia coli bacteriophages from the stool of pediatric diarrhea patients in Bangladesh. J Bacteriol 186:8287–8294 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Clarke S. C. 2001; Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli – an emerging problem?. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 41:93–98 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Edwards P. R., Ewing W. H. 1972 Identification of Enterobacteriaceae , 3rd edn. Minneapolis, MN: Burgess Publishing Co;
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Evans D. G., Evans D. J. Jr, Tjoa W. 1977; Hemagglutination of human group A erythrocytes by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from adults with diarrhea: correlation with colonization factor. Infect Immun 18:330–337
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Faruque S. M., Islam M. J., Ahmad Q. S., Faruque A. S., Sack D. A., Nair G. B., Mekalanos J. J. 2005a; Self-limiting nature of seasonal cholera epidemics: role of host-mediated amplification of phage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:6119–6124 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Faruque S. M., Naser I. B., Islam M. J., Faruque A. S., Ghosh A. N., Nair G. B., Sack D. A., Mekalanos J. J. 2005b; Seasonal epidemics of cholera inversely correlate with the prevalence of environmental cholera phages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:1702–1707 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Ghosh A. N., Ansari M. Q., Datta G. C. 1989; Isolation and morphological characterization of El Tor cholera phages. J Gen Virol 70:2241–2243 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Groisman E. A., Ochman H. 1997; How Salmonella became a pathogen. Trends Microbiol 5:343–349 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Gross R. J., Cheasty T., Rowe B. 1977; Isolation of bacteriophages specific for the K1 polysaccharide antigen of Escherichia coli . J Clin Microbiol 6:548–550
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Gupta D. S., Jann B., Schmidt G., Golecki J. R., Orskov I., Orskov F., Jann K. 1982; Coliphage K5, specific for E. coli exhibiting the capsular K5 antigen. FEMS Microbiol Lett 14:75–78 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Harris A. M., Chowdhury F., Begum Y. A., Khan A. I., Faruque A. S., Svennerholm A. M., Harris J. B., Ryan E. T., Cravioto A. other authors 2008; Shifting prevalence of major diarrheal pathogens in patients seeking hospital care during floods in; 1998, 2004 and 2007 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79, 708–714
  15. Hershey A. D., Dove W. 1983; Introduction to lambda. In Lambda II pp 3–20 Edited by Hendrix R. W., Roberts J. W., Stahl F. W., Weisberg R. A. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory;
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Jann K., Schmidt G., Wallenfels B., Freund-Molbert E. 1971; Isolation and characterization of Escherichia coli bacteriophage omega-8 specific for E. coli strains belonging to sero-group O 8. J Gen Microbiol 67:289–297 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Jothikumar N., Reddy C. G., Sundari R. B., Saigopal D. V. 2000; Isolation of coliphages specific to enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC. J Environ Monit 2:372–374 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Lopez-Vidal Y., Svennerholm A. M. 1990; Monoclonal antibodies against the different subcomponents of colonization factor antigen II of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli . J Clin Microbiol 28:1906–1912
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Lopez-Vidal Y., Klemm P., Svennerholm A. M. 1988; Monoclonal antibodies against different epitopes on colonization factor antigen I of enterotoxin-producing Escherichia coli . J Clin Microbiol 26:1967–1972
    [Google Scholar]
  20. McConnell M. M., Chart H., Field A. M., Hibberd M., Rowe B. 1989; Characterization of a putative colonization factor (PCFO166) of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli of serogroup O166. J Gen Microbiol 135:1135–1144
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Monod C., Repoila F., Kutateladze M., Tetart F., Krisch H. M. 1997; The genome of the pseudo T-even bacteriophages, a diverse group that resembles T4. J Mol Biol 267:237–249 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Monsur K. A., Miah A. L., Huq M. I., Huq F., Poddar G., Salek M. A., Begum Y. A. 1985; Use of bacteriophage as a marker for identification of freshly-isolated individual Escherichia coli strains. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 3:131–137
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Monsur K. A., Clemens J. D., Sack D. A., Miah A. L., Begum Y. A. 1989; The use of phage-sensitivity patterns for tracing heat labile toxin-positive (LT+) Escherichia coli . J Med Microbiol 28:43–47 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Qadri F., Das S. K., Faruque A. S., Fuchs G. J., Albert M. J., Sack R. B., Svennerholm A. M. 2000a; Prevalence of toxin types and colonization factors in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated during a 2-year period from diarrheal patients in Bangladesh. J Clin Microbiol 38:27–31
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Qadri F., Giron J. A., Helander A., Begum Y. A., Asaduzzaman M., Xicohtencatl-Cortes J., Negrete E., Albert M. J. 2000b; Human antibody response to longus type IV pilus and study of its prevalence among enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Bangladesh by using monoclonal antibodies. J Infect Dis 181:2071–2074 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Qadri F., Svennerholm A. M., Faruque A. S., Sack R. B. 2005; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in developing countries: epidemiology, microbiology, clinical features, treatment, and prevention. Clin Microbiol Rev 18:465–483 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Qadri F., Ahmed F., Ahmed T., Svennerholm A. M. 2006; Homologous and cross-reactive immune responses to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli colonization factors in Bangladeshi children. Infect Immun 74:4512–4518 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Qadri F., Saha A., Ahmed T., Al Tarique A., Begum Y. A., Svennerholm A. M. 2007; Disease burden due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the first 2 years of life in an urban community in Bangladesh. Infect Immun 75:3961–3968 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Sezzano P., Raimondi A., Pessina A., Neri M. G. 1985; Isolation and partial characterization of temperature bacteriophages from enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli 0111: K58. Acta Virol 29:73–78
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Sjoling A., Wiklund G., Savarino S. J., Cohen D. I., Svennerholm A. M. 2007; Comparative analyses of phenotypic and genotypic methods for detection of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli toxins and colonization factors. J Clin Microbiol 45:3295–3301 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Svennerholm A. M., Wiklund G. 1983; Rapid GM1-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with visual reading for identification of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. J Clin Microbiol 17:596–600
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Svennerholm A. M., Wikstrom M., Lindblad M., Holmgren J. 1986; Monoclonal antibodies against Escherichia coli heat-stable toxin (STa) and their use in a diagnostic ST ganglioside GM1-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 24:585–590
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Viboud G. I., Binsztein N., Svennerholm A. M. 1993; Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against putative colonization factors of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and their use in an epidemiological study. J Clin Microbiol 31:558–564
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Waldor M. K., Mekalanos J. J. 1996; Lysogenic conversion by a filamentous phage encoding cholera toxin. Science 272:1910–1914 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Wallenfels B., Jann K. 1974; The action of bacteriophage Ω8 on two strains of Escherichia coli 08. J Gen Microbiol 81:131–144 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.014795-0
Loading
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.014795-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error