1887

Abstract

infection in industrialized countries is often associated with foreign travel. A total of 195 isolates in Japan, isolated from cases associated with foreign travel, were analysed by biotyping and molecular typing using PFGE and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA); their antimicrobial susceptibilities were also evaluated. The isolates were from 26 countries, most of which were Asian. Molecular typing revealed a correlation among the genotypes, biotypes and their geographical areas of origin. The isolates were classified into two biotypes, a and g. Biotype g isolates (=178) were further divided into distinct clusters mainly on the basis of their geographical areas of origin by both PFGE and MLVA. Isolates from South Asian countries constituted one of the distinct clusters. Biotype g isolates from countries other than South Asia constituted other distinct clusters. Most of the isolates from other countries and continents, excluding the South Asian countries, were included in one major cluster by PFGE analysis. However, by MLVA, they were further divided into minor subclusters mainly on the basis of their countries of origin. MLVA was also demonstrated to be useful in molecular epidemiological analysis, even when only seven loci were applied, resulting in a high resolution with Simpson's index of diversity () of 0.993. A core drug-resistance pattern of streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole was observed in 108 isolates, irrespective of their geographical areas of origin, but the frequency of resistance to nalidixic acid was high among the South Asian and East Asian isolates. Two isolates from China and India were resistant to cefotaxime and harboured the and genes, respectively; these isolates were also resistant to nalidixic acid, which is a matter of concern in terms of shigellosis treatment. Use of a combination of methods was found to be effective for epidemiological investigation in the case of infection.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.011809-0
2009-11-01
2024-12-04
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jmm/58/11/1486.html?itemId=/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.011809-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Aarestrup F. M., Wiuff C., Molbak K., Threlfall E. J. 2003; Is it time to change fluoroquinolone breakpoints for Salmonella spp.?. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:827–829 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Cheasty T., Day M., Threlfall E. J. 2004; Increasing incidence of resistance to nalidixic acid in shigellas from humans in England and Wales: implications for therapy. Clin Microbiol Infect 10:1033–1035 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  3. CLSI 2006 Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests , 9th edn. Approved Standard M2-A9. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute;
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Gerner-Smidt P., Hise K., Kincaid J., Hunter S., Rolando S., Hyytia-Trees E., Ribot E. M., Swaminathan B. 2006; PulseNet USA: a five-year update. Foodborne Pathog Dis 3:9–19 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Grundmann H., Hori S., Tanner G. 2001; Determining confidence intervals when measuring genetic diversity and the discriminatory abilities of typing methods for microorganisms. J Clin Microbiol 39:4190–4192 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Hirose K., Terajima J., Izumiya H., Tamura K., Arakawa E., Takai N., Watanabe H. 2005; Antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella sonnei isolates in Japan and molecular analysis of S. sonnei isolates with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:1203–1205 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Hyytia-Trees E., Smole S. C., Fields P. A., Swaminathan B., Ribot E. 2006; Second generation subtyping: a proposed PulseNet protocol for multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 (STEC O157). Foodborne Pathog Dis 3:118–131 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Izumiya H., Mori K., Kurazono T., Yamaguchi M., Higashide M., Konishi N., Kai A., Morita K., Terajima J., Watanabe H. 2005a; Characterization of isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium displaying high-level fluoroquinolone resistance in Japan. J Clin Microbiol 43:5074–5079 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Izumiya H., Mori K., Higashide M., Tamura K., Takai N., Hirose K., Terajima J., Watanabe H. 2005b; Identification of CTX-M-14 β -lactamase in a Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolate from Japan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:2568–2570 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Lewis H. C., Ethelberg S., Olsen K. E., Nielsen E. M., Lisby M., Madsen S. B., Boel J., Stafford R., Kirk M. other authors 2009; Outbreaks of Shigella sonnei infections in Denmark and Australia linked to consumption of imported raw baby corn. Epidemiol Infect 137:326–334 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Liang S.-Y., Watanabe H., Terajima J., Li C.-C., Liao J.-C., Tung S. K., Chiou C.-S. 2007; Multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis for molecular typing of Shigella sonnei . J Clin Microbiol 45:3574–3580 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Mammina C., Aleo A., Romani C., Nastasi A. 2006; Shigella sonnei biotype g carrying class 2 integrons in southern Italy: a retrospective typing study by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. BMC Infect Dis 6:117 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Nastasi A., Pignato S., Mammina C., Giammanco G. 1993; rRNA gene restriction patterns and biotypes of Shigella sonnei . Epidemiol Infect 110:23–30 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. National Institute of Infectious Diseases; 2006; Shigellosis, Japan, 2003–2005. Infect Agents Surveillance Rep 27:61–63
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Ploy M.-C., Denis F., Courvalin P., Lambert T. 2000; Molecular characterization of integrons in Acinetobacter baumannii : description of a hybrid class 2 integron. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:2684–2688 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Ribot E. M., Fair M. A., Gautom R., Cameron D. N., Hunter S. B., Swaminathan B., Barrett T. J. 2006; Standardization of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocols for the subtyping of Escherichia coli O157 : H7, Salmonella , and Shigella for PulseNet. Foodborne Pathog Dis 3:59–67 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Samonis G., Elting L., Skoulika E., Maraki S., Tselentis Y. 1994; An outbreak of diarrhoeal disease attributed to Shigella sonnei . Epidemiol Infect 112:235–245 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Simchen E., Jeeraphat S., Shihab S., Fattal B. 1991; An epidemic of waterborne Shigella gastroenteritis in Kibbutzim of western Galilee in Israel. Int J Epidemiol 20:1081–1087 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Terajima J., Tamura K., Hirose K., Izumiya H., Miyahara M., Konuma H., Watanabe H. 2004; A multi-prefectural outbreak of Shigella sonnei infections associated with eating oysters in Japan. Microbiol Immunol 48:49–52 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Terajima J., Tosaka N., Ueno K., Nakashima K., Kitsutani P., Gaynor M. K., Park S. Y., Watanabe H. 2006; Shigella sonnei outbreak among Japanese travelers returning from Hawaii. Jpn J Infect Dis 59:282–283
    [Google Scholar]
  21. van Belkum A. 2007; Tracing isolates of bacterial species by multilocus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 49:22–27 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  22. World Heath Organization 2006; Future needs and directions for Shigella vaccines. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 81:51–58
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.011809-0
Loading
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.011809-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error