Do Sulphonamide-trimethoprim Combinations Select Less Resistance to Trimethoprim than the Use of Trimethoprim Alone?

References

1. Agar J. F., Goldstein F. W., Gerbaud G. R., Chabbert Y. A. 1977; Trimethoprim resistance plasmids: transferability and incompatibility groups. Annales de l’Institute Lille 128A:41–47 in French with English abstract
   [Google Scholar]
2. Am yes S. G. B., Emmerson A. M., Smith J. T. 1978; R-factor mediated trimethoprim resistance: result of two three-month clinical surveys. Journal of Clinical Pathology 31:850–854
   [Google Scholar]
3. Amyes S. G. B., Smith J. T. 1974; R-factor trimethoprim resistance mechanism; an insusceptible target site. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 58:412–418
   [Google Scholar]
4. Amyes S. G. B., Smith J. T. 1975; Thymineless mutants and their resistance to trimethoprim. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1:85–89
   [Google Scholar]
5. Amyes S. G. B., Smith J. T. 1976; The purification and properties of the trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase mediated by the R-factor, R388. European Journal of Biochemistry 61:597–603
   [Google Scholar]
6. Anderson J. D. 1975; Factors that may prevent transfer of antibiotic resistance between gram-negative bacteria in the gut. Journal of Medical Microbiology 8:83–88
   [Google Scholar]
7. Anderson J. D., Gillespie W. A., Richmond M. H. 1973; Chemotherapy and antibiotic resistance transfer between enterobacteria in the human gastro-intestinal tract. Journal of Medical Microbiology 6:461–473
   [Google Scholar]
8. Anderson J. D., Lacey R. W., Lewis E. L., Sellin M. A. 1974; Failure to demonstrate an advantage in combining sulphamethoxazole with trimethoprim in an experimental model of urinary infection. Journal of Clinical Pathology 27:619–622
   [Google Scholar]
9. Baccanari D., Phillips A., Smith S., Sinski D., Burchall J. 1975; Purification and properties ol Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase. Biochemistry 14:5267–5273
   [Google Scholar]
10. Bailey R. R., Abbott G. D. 1977; Treatment of urinary-tract infection with a single dose of amoxycillin. Nephron 18:316–320
    [Google Scholar]
11. Bailey R. R., Blake E. 1980; Treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections with a single dose of co-trimoxazole. New Zealand Medical Journal 92:285–286
    [Google Scholar]
12. Bannatyne R. M., Toma S., Cheung R., Hu G. 1980; Resistance to trimethoprim and other antibiotics in Ontario shigellae. Lancet 1:425–426
    [Google Scholar]
13. Barker J., Healing D., Hutchison J. G. P. 1972; Characteristics of some co-trimoxazole-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from infected patients. Journal of Clinical Pathology 25:1086–1088
    [Google Scholar]
14. Barth P. T., Datta N. 1977; Two naturally occurring transposons indistinguishable from Tn7. Journal of General Microbiology 102:129–134
    [Google Scholar]
15. Barth P. T., Datta N., Hedges R. W., Grinter N. J. 1976; Transposition of a deoxyribonucleic acid sequence encoding trimethoprim and streptomycin resistance from R483 to other replicons. Journal of Bacteriology 125:800–810
    [Google Scholar]
16. Bennett P. M., Richmond M. H. 1976; The transposition of a discrete piece of deoxyribonucleic acid carrying an amp gene between replicons in Escherichia coli. Journal of Bacteriology 126:1–6
    [Google Scholar]
17. Breeze A. S., Sims P., Stacey K. A. 1975; Trimethoprim-resistant mutants off. coli K12: preliminary genetic mapping. Genetical Research 25:207–214
    [Google Scholar]
18. Broda P. 1979 Molecular relationships between plasmids. Plasmids of medical, environmental and commercial importance edited by Timmis K., Piihler A. Elsevier; North Holland:23
    [Google Scholar]
19. Brumfitt W., Pursell R. 1972; Double-blind trial to compare ampicillin, cephalexin, co-trimoxazole and trimethoprim in treatment of urinary infection. British Medical Journal 2:673–676
    [Google Scholar]
20. Burchall J. J. 1969; Comparative studies of dihydrofolate reductase. Postgraduate Medical Journal 45:29–32
    [Google Scholar]
21. Burchall J. J. 1970 Purification and properties of dihydrofolate reductase from Escherichia coli. Chemistry and biology of pteridines edited by Iwai K. et al. International Academic Printing; Tokyo:351–355
    [Google Scholar]
22. Burchall J. J. 1979; The development of the diaminopyrimidines. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 5:suppl. B3–14
    [Google Scholar]
23. Burchall J. J., Hitchings G. H. 1965; Inhibitor binding analysis of dihydrofolate-reductases from various species. Molecular Pharmacology 1:126–136
    [Google Scholar]
24. Bushby S. R. M., Hitchings G. H. 1968; Trimethoprim, a sulphonamide potentiator. British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy 33:72–90
    [Google Scholar]
25. Busk H. E., Körner B. 1980; Trimethoprim resistance in Finland. British Medical Journal 1:1054–1055
    [Google Scholar]
26. Byford A. 1979; The use of a centrifugal analyser to study the effect of inhibitors on the dihydrofolate reductase. FIMLS Thesis Institute of Medical Laboratory Sciences; London:
    [Google Scholar]
27. Chopra I. 1976; Mechanism of tetracycline and fusidic acid resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococci and staphylococcal diseases3rd International SymposiumWarsaw edited by Jeljaszewicz J. Gustav Fisher Verlag; Stuttgart:287
    [Google Scholar]
28. Cornere B., Menzies R. 1974; Haemophilus influenzae apparently resistant to trimethoprim. British Medical Journal 1:77
    [Google Scholar]
29. Cox C. E., Montgomery W. G. 1969; Combined trimethoprim-sulfisoxazole therapy of urinary infections. Clinical studies. Postgraduate Medical Journal 45:suppl.65–71
    [Google Scholar]
30. Darrell J. H., Garrod L. P., Waterworth P. M. 1968; Trimethoprim: laboratory and clinical studies. Journal of Clinical Pathology 21:202–209
    [Google Scholar]
31. Datta N., Hedges R. W. 1972; Trimethoprim resistance conferred by W plasmids in Enterobacteriaceae. Journal of General Microbiology 72:349–355
    [Google Scholar]
32. Datta N., Hughes V. M., Nugent M. E., Richards H. 1979; Plasmids and transposons and their stability and mutability in bacteria isolated during an outbreak of hospital infection. Plasmid 2:182–196
    [Google Scholar]
33. Edmunds P. N. 1978; Synergy between sulphonamide and trimethoprim in the presence of pus. Journal of Clinical Pathology 31:162–164
    [Google Scholar]
34. Evans R. J., Waterworth P. M. 1966; Naturally-occurring fusidic acid resistance in staphylococci and its linkage to other resistance. Journal of Clinical Pathology 19:355–360
    [Google Scholar]
35. Ferone R., Bushby S. R. M, Burchall J. J., Moore W. D., Smith D. 1975; Identification of Harper-Cawston factor as thymidine Phosphorylase and removal from media of substances interfering with susceptibility testing to sulfonamides and diamino-pyrimidines. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 7:91–98
    [Google Scholar]
36. Fleming M. R., Datta N., Grüneberg R. N. 1972; Trimethoprim resistance determined by R factors. British Medical Journal 1:726–728
    [Google Scholar]
37. Fruensgaard K., Körner B. 1974; Alterations in the sensitivity pattern after use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for two years in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Chemotherapy 20:97–101
    [Google Scholar]
38. George R. H., Healing D. E. 1977; Thymidine-requiring Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 2:1081
    [Google Scholar]
39. Gleckman R. A. 1973; A cooperative controlled study of the use of trimethoprim-sulpha-methoxazole in chronic urinary tract infections. Journal of Infectious Diseases 128:suppl.647–651
    [Google Scholar]
40. Golde D. W., Bersch N., Quan S. G. 1978; Trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole inhibition of haematopoiesis in vitro. British Journal of Haematology 40:363–367
    [Google Scholar]
41. Gorai A. P., Heffron F., Falkow S., Hedges R. W., Datta N. 1979; Electron microscope heteroduplex studies of sequence relationships among plasmids of the W incompatibility group. Plasmid 2:485–492
    [Google Scholar]
42. Greenwood D. 1979; Relevance of in vitro synergy to therapy; does synergy between diaminopyrimidines and sulphonamides operate at concentrations achievable in urine?. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 5:suppl. B85–89
    [Google Scholar]
43. Greenwood D. 1980; Trimethoprim alone. Lancet 2:145
    [Google Scholar]
44. Greenwood D., O’Grady F. 1976; Activity and interaction of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole against Escherichia coli. Journal of Clinical Pathology 29:162–166
    [Google Scholar]
45. Grey D., Hamilton-Miller J. M. T., Brumfitt W. 1979; Incidence and mechanisms of resistance to trimethoprim in clinically isolated gram-negative bacteria. Chemotherapy 25:147–156
    [Google Scholar]
46. Grunberg E., Beskid G. 1977; Studies on the in vitro development of drug resistance of Porteeae to sulphonamides, trimethoprim and combinations of a sulphonamide and trimethoprim. Chemotherapy 23:309–313
    [Google Scholar]
47. Grüneberg R. N. 1972 The choice of treatment for urinary infections according to the sensitivities of the causative organisms. Advances in antimicrobial and antineoplastic chemotherapy 1 edited by Hejzlar M., Semonsky M., Masak S. Avicenum; Prague:749
    [Google Scholar]
48. Grüneberg R. N. 1975; The use of co-trimoxazole in sulphonamide-resistant Escherichia coli in urinary tract infection. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1:305–310
    [Google Scholar]
49. Grüneberg R. N. 1979; The microbiological rationale for the combination of sulphonamides and trimethoprim. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 5:suppl. B27–36
    [Google Scholar]
50. Grüneberg R. N. 1980; Antibiotic sensitivities of urinary pathogens, 1971–1978. Journal of Clinical Pathology 33:853–857
    [Google Scholar]
51. Guerrant R. L., Wood S. J., Krongaard L., Reid R. A., Hodge R. H. 1981; Resistance among fecal flora of patients taking sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim or trimethoprim alone. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 19:33–38
    [Google Scholar]
52. Hamilton-Miller J. M. T. 1979; Mechanisms and distribution of bacterial resistance to diaminopyrimidines and sulphonamides. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 5:suppl. B61–73
    [Google Scholar]
53. Hansen I., Neilsen M. L., Heerfordt L., Henriksen B. I., Bertelsen S. 1973; Trimethoprim in normal and pathological human lung tissue. Chemotherapy 19:221–234
    [Google Scholar]
54. Hedges R. W., Jacob A. E. 1974; Transposition of ampicillin resistance from RP4 to other replicons. Molecular and General Genetics 132:31–40
    [Google Scholar]
55. Heffron F., Rubens C., Falkow S. 1975; Translocation of a plasmid DNA sequence which mediates ampicillin resistance: molecular nature and specificity of insertion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 72:3623–3627
    [Google Scholar]
56. Heffron F., Sublett R., Hedges R. W., Jacob A., Falkow S. 1975; Origin of the TEM-beta-lactamase gene found on plasmids. Journal of Bacteriology 122:250–256
    [Google Scholar]
57. Helling R. B., Kinney T., Adams J. 1981; The maintenance of plasmid-containing organisms in populations of Escherichia coli. Journal of General Microbiology 123:129–141
    [Google Scholar]
58. Hitchings G. H. 1969; Species differences among dihydrofolate reductases as a basis for chemotherapy. Postgraduate Medical Journal 45:suppl.7–10
    [Google Scholar]
59. Hitchings G. H. 1970; Trimethoprim: biochemical basis for sulphonamide potentiation. South African Medical Journal 44:suppl.1–2
    [Google Scholar]
60. Hoigne R., Müller U., Schneider H. R. 1970; A comparison of chemotherapy in patients with urinary tract infections using trimethoprim alone and in combination with sulphamethoxazole (gantanol). Proceedings of the 6th International congress of chemotherapyUniversity of Tokyo Press, Tokyo63
    [Google Scholar]
61. Houvinen P., Mäntyjärvi R., Toivanen P. 1982; Trimethoprim resistance in hospitals. British Medical Journal 248:782–784
    [Google Scholar]
62. Howard A. J., Hince C. J., Williams J. D. 1978; Antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Report of study group on bacterial resistance. British Medical Journal 1:1657–1660
    [Google Scholar]
63. Huovinen P., Toivanen P. 1980; Trimethoprim resistance in Finland after 5 years’ use of plain trimethoprim. British Medical Journal 280:72–74
    [Google Scholar]
64. Jobanputra R. S., Datta N. 1974; Trimethoprim R factors in enterobacteria from clinical specimens. Journal of Medical Microbiology 7:169–177
    [Google Scholar]
65. Källenius G., Winberg J. 1979; Urinary tract infections treated with a single dose of short-acting sulphonamide. British Medical Journal 1:1175–1176
    [Google Scholar]
66. Kasanen A. 7 others 1978; Trimethoprim. Pharmacology, antimicrobial activity and clinical use in urinary tract infections. Annals of Clinical Research 10:suppl. 221–39
    [Google Scholar]
67. Kasanen A., Kaarsalo E., Hiltunen R., Soini V. 1974a; Comparison of long term, low-dosage nitrofurantoin, methenamine hippurate, trimethoprim and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole on the control of recurrent urinary tract infection. Annals of Clinical Research 6:285–289
    [Google Scholar]
68. Kasanen A., Sundquist H., Junnila S. Y. T. 1979; Trimethoprim in the treatment of acute urinary tract infection. Current Therapeutic Research 25:202–209
    [Google Scholar]
69. Kasanen A., Toivanen P., Sourander L., Kaarsalo E., Aantaa S. 1974b; Trimethoprim in the treatment and long-term control of urinary tract infection. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 6:91–96
    [Google Scholar]
70. Kayser F. H., Muller I. 1978; Resistance of bacteria to sulphamethoxazole/trimetho-prim. Current Chemotherapy edited by Siegenthaler W., Luthy R.Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Chemotherapy 1 American Society for Microbiology; Washington DC:657
    [Google Scholar]
71. Koch U. J., Schumann K. P., Küchler R., Kewitz H. 1973; Efficacy ot trimethoprim, sulphamethoxazole and the combination of both in acute urinary tract infection. Clinical and pharmacokinetical studies. Chemotherapy 19:314–321
    [Google Scholar]
72. Knothe H. 1979; The effect of trimethoprim-sulphonamide, trimethoprim and sulphonamide on the occurrence of resistant Enterobacteriaceae in human intestinal flora. Infection 7:suppl. 4321–323
    [Google Scholar]
73. Kunin C. M., Craig W. A., Uehling D. T. 1978; Trimethoprim therapy for urinary tract infections. Long-term prophylaxis in a uremic patient. Journal of the American Medical Association 239:2588–2590
    [Google Scholar]
74. Lacey R. W. 1969; Dwarf-colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to aminogluco-side antibiotics and to a fatty acid. Journal of Medical Microbiology 2:187–197
    [Google Scholar]
75. Lacey R. W. 1979a; Mechanism of action of trimethoprim and sulphonamides: relevance to synergy in vivo. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 5:suppl. B75–83
    [Google Scholar]
76. Lacey R. W. 1979b Mechanism of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: with particular reference to the use of antibiotics in combinations. Combined antimicrobial therapy edited by Brumfitt W., Curcio L., Silvestri L. Martinus Nijhaff; The Hague:15–27
    [Google Scholar]
77. Lacey R. W. 1980; Evidence for two mechanisms of plasmid transfer in mixed cultures of Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of General Microbiology 119:423–435
    [Google Scholar]
78. Lacey R. W., Chopra I. 1975; Effect of plasmid carriage on the virulence of Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Medical Microbiology 8:137–147
    [Google Scholar]
79. Lacey R. W., Gillespie W. A., Bruten D. M., Lewis E. L. 1972; Trimethoprim-resistant coliforms. Lancet 1:409–410
    [Google Scholar]
80. Lacey R. W., Lewis E. 1973; Is co-trimoxazole bactericidal in sputum?. British Medical Journal 4:165
    [Google Scholar]
81. Lacey R. W., Lewis E., Grinsted J. 1973; Loss of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus in vivo probably resulting from cloxacillin therapy. Journal of Medical Microbiology 6:191–199
    [Google Scholar]
82. Lacey R. W., Lord V. L., Gunasekera H. K. W., Leibermann P. J., Luxton D. E. A. 1980a; Comparison of trimethoprim alone with trimethoprim sulphamethoxazole in the treatment of respiratory and urinary infections with particular reference to selection of trimethoprim resistance. Lancet 1:1270–1273
    [Google Scholar]
83. Lacey R. W., Rogerson J. G., Stokes A. 1980b; Antibacterial effects of trimethoprim and sulphadiazine in human urine and blood. Journal of Medical Microbiology 13:121–132
    [Google Scholar]
84. Lacey R. W. 6 others 1981; Comparison of single dose trimethoprim with a five day course for the treatment of urinary infections in the elderly. Age and Ageing 10:179–185
    [Google Scholar]
85. Lewis E., Lacey R. W. 1973; Present significance of resistance to trimethoprim and sulphonamides in coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis. Journal of Clinical Pathology 26:175–180
    [Google Scholar]
86. Lilly H. A., Lowbury E. J. L. 1978; Antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in a burns unit after stopping routine prophylaxis with erythromycin. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 4:545–550
    [Google Scholar]
87. Lowbury E. J. L., Babb J. R., Roe E. 1972; Clearance from a hospital of gram-negative bacilli that transfer carbenicillin-resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Lancet 2:941–945
    [Google Scholar]
88. Mabeck C. E., Vejlsgaard R. 1980; Treatment of urinary tract infections in general practice with sulphamethizole, trimethoprim or co-trimazine (sulphadiazine-trimetho-prim). Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 6:701–708
    [Google Scholar]
89. McCarthy L. R., Chmel H., Bell G., Armstrong D. 1977; Thymine-dependent strain of Salmonella oslo selected by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 68:307–311
    [Google Scholar]
90. McGill R. E. 1978; Trimethoprim resistant Klebsiella aerogenes. Lancet 2:156
    [Google Scholar]
91. McKendrick M. W., Geddes A. M., Farrell I. D. 1981; Trimethoprim in enteric fever. British Medical Journal 1:364
    [Google Scholar]
92. Mannisto P. T. 1976; Comparison of oxolinic acid, trimethoprim and trimethoprim-sulpha-methoxazole in the treatment and long-term control of urinary tract infection. Current Therapeutic Research 20:645–654
    [Google Scholar]
93. Marks P. J., Bruten D. M., Speller D. C. E. 1977; Trimethoprim-resistant coliforms. Lancet 2:774
    [Google Scholar]
94. Maskell R., Okubadejo O. A., Payne R. H. 1976; Thymine-requiring bacteria associated with co-trimoxazole therapy. Lancet 1:834–835
    [Google Scholar]
95. May J. R., Da vies J. 1972; Resistance oi Haemophilus influenzae to trimethoprim. British Medical Journal 3:376–377
    [Google Scholar]
96. Moorhouse E. C., Farrell W. 1973; Effect of co-trimoxazole on faecal enterobacteria; no emergence of resistant strains. Journal of Medical Microbiology 6:249–252
    [Google Scholar]
97. Mosher R. A., DiRenzo A. B., Mathews C. K. 1977; Bacteriophage T4 virion dihydrofolate reductase: approaches to quantitation and assessment of function. Journal of Virology 23:645–658
    [Google Scholar]
98. Notterbrock H., Then R. 1977; Thymidine concentrations in serum and urine on difference animal species and man. Biochemical Pharmacology 26:2175–2179
    [Google Scholar]
99. Okubadejo O. A., Maskell R. M. 1973; Thymine-requiring mutants of Proteus mirabilis selected by co-trimoxazole in vivo. Journal of General Microbiology 77:533–535
    [Google Scholar]
100. Pancoast S. J., Hyams D. M., Neu H. 1980; Effect of trimethoprim and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on development of drug-resistant vaginal and fecal floras. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 17:263–268
     [Google Scholar]
101. Pattishall K. H., Acar J., Burchall J. J., Golstein F. W., Harvey R. J. 1977; Two distinct types of trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase specified by R-plasmids of different compatibility groups. Journal of Biological Chemistry 252:2319–2323
     [Google Scholar]
102. Pearson N. J., Towner K. J., McSherry A. M., Cattell W. R., O’Grady F. 1979; Emergence of trimethoprim-resistant enterobacteria in patients receiving long-term co-trimoxazole for the control of intractable urinary tract infection. Lancet 2:1205–1209
     [Google Scholar]
103. Poe M. 1977; Antibacterial synergism: a proposal for chemotherapeutic potentiation between trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole. Science 194:533–535
     [Google Scholar]
104. Richards H., Datta N. 1981; Transposons and trimethoprim resistance. British Medical Journal 282:1118–1119
     [Google Scholar]
105. Richards H., Datta N., Sojka W. J., Wray C. 1978; Trimethoprim-resistance plasmids and transposons in Salmonella. Lancet 2:1194–1195
     [Google Scholar]
106. Schnaars P., Escher J. 1969; Results obtained in the treatment of acute and chronic urinary tract infections with co-trimoxazole or its components of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim. Praxis 58:1279–1283 in German
     [Google Scholar]
107. Shapiro J. A., Sporn P. 1977; Tn 402: a new transposable element determining trimethoprim resistance that inserts into bacteriophage lambda. Journal of Bacteriology 129:1632–1635
     [Google Scholar]
108. Sheldon R., Brenner S. 1976; Regulatory mutants of dihydrofolate reductase in Escherichia coli K12. Molecular and General Genetics 147:91–97
     [Google Scholar]
109. Sköld O., Widh A. 1974; A new dihydrofolate reductase with low trimethoprim sensitivity induced by an R-factor mediating high resistance to trimethoprim. Journal of Biological Chemistry 249:4323–4325
     [Google Scholar]
110. Smellie J. M., Grüneberg R. N., Leakey A., Atkins W. S. 1976; Long-term low-dose co-trimoxazole in prophylaxis of childhood urinary tract infection: clinical aspects. British Medical Journal 2:203–206
     [Google Scholar]
111. Smith S. L., Stone D., Novak P., Baccanari P., Burchall J. J. 1979; R plasmid dihydrofolate reductase with subunit structure. Journal of Biological Chemistry 254:6222–6225
     [Google Scholar]
112. Smith H. W., Tucker J. F. 1976; The virulence of trimethoprim-resistant thymine-requiring strains of Salmonella. Journal of Hygiene (Cambridge 76:97–108
     [Google Scholar]
113. Sourander L., Saarimaa H., Arvilommi H. 1972; Treatment of sulphonamide-resistant urinary tract infections with a combination of sulphonamide and trimethoprim. Acta Medica Scandinavica 191:1–3
     [Google Scholar]
114. Sparham P. D., Lobban D. I., Speller D. C. E. 1978; Thymidine-requiring Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 1:104–105
     [Google Scholar]
115. Stacey K. A., Simson E. 1965; Improved method for the isolation of thymine-requiring mutants of Escherichia coli. Journal of Bacteriology 90:554–555
     [Google Scholar]
116. Stamm W. E. 7 others 1980; Antimicrobial prophylaxis of recurrent urinary tract infections; a double blind, placebo controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 92:770–775
     [Google Scholar]
117. Stokes A., Lacey R. W. 1978; Effect of thymidine on activity of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole. Journal of Clinical Pathology 31:165–171
     [Google Scholar]
118. Stone D., Smith S. L. 1970; The amino acid sequence of the trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase specified in Escherichia coli by R-plasmid R67. Journal of Biological Chemistry 254:10857–10861
     [Google Scholar]
119. Tapsall J. W., Wilson E., Harper J. 1974; Thymine dependent strains of Escherichia coli selected by trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole therapy. Pathology 6:161–167
     [Google Scholar]
120. Tennhammar-Ekman B., Sköld O. 1979; Trimethoprim resistant plasmids of different origin encode different drug-resistant dihydrofolate reductases. Plasmid 2:334–346
     [Google Scholar]
121. Then R. 1977; Synergism between trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole. Science 197:1301–1302
     [Google Scholar]
122. Then R., Hermann F. 1981; Mechanism of trimtheoprim resistance in enterobacteria isolated in Finland. Chemotherapy 27:192–199
     [Google Scholar]
123. Then R. L., Riggenbach H. 1978; Dihydrofolate reductases in some folate-requiring bacteria with low trimethoprim susceptibility. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 14:112–117
     [Google Scholar]
124. Timmis K. N., Pühler A. 1979 Plasmids of medical, environmental and commercial importance. Elsevier; North Holland:
     [Google Scholar]
125. Toivanen A., Kasanen A., Sundquist H., Toivanen P. 1976; Effect of trimethoprim on the occurrence of drug-resistant coliform bacteria in the faecal flora. Chemotherapy 22:97–103
     [Google Scholar]
126. Towner K. J. 1979; Classification of transferable plasmids conferring resistance to trimethoprim isolated in Great Britain. FEMS Microbiology Letters 5:319
     [Google Scholar]
127. Towner K.J. 1981; A clinical isolate oî Escherichia coli owing its trimethoprim resistance to a chromosomally-located trimethoprim transposon. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1:157–162
     [Google Scholar]
128. Towner K. J., Pearson N. J., Pinn P. A., O’Grady F. 1980; Increasing importance of plasmid-mediated trimethoprim resistance in enterobacteria: two six-month clinical surveys. British Medical Journal 280:517–519
     [Google Scholar]
129. Trimethoprim study group 1981; Comparison of trimethoprim at three dosage levels with co-trimoxazole in the treatment of acute symptomatic urinary tract infection in general practice. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1:179–183
     [Google Scholar]
130. Webb W. L. 1963 Enzyme and metabolic inhibitors. 1 Academic Press; New York:498
     [Google Scholar]
131. Weisblum B. 1971 Macrolide resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Macrolide antibiotics and lincomycin edited by Mitsuhashi S. University Park Press; Baltimore:
     [Google Scholar]
132. Wilkinson P. J., Reeves D. S. 1979; Tissue penetration of trimethoprim and sulphonamides. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 5:suppl. B159–168
     [Google Scholar]
133. Williams J. D., Andrews J. 1974; Sensitivity ol Haemophilus influenzae to antibiotics. British Medical Journal 1:134–137
     [Google Scholar]