1887

Abstract

Viral diseases of honeybees are a major problem in apiculture, causing serious economic losses worldwide, especially in combination with varroa mites. To increase understanding of the relationship among viruses, mites and colony decline, the tripartite relationships among bees, viruses [Kashmir bee virus (KBV) and sacbrood virus (SBV)] and varroa mites have been investigated systematically. To develop an antibody-based test for KBV, two structural recombinant proteins were purified for polyclonal-antibody production. By using ELISA and RT-PCR, the presence of KBV and SBV was studied comparatively in different developmental stages and castes of bees. The results demonstrated that KBV may persist as a viral genome with extremely low levels of viral-capsid proteins and that KBV and SBV can co-infect honeybees. This study indicated the presence of KBV and SBV RNAs in both queens and eggs by RT-PCR, suggesting a route of transovarial transmission. Horizontal transmission is also very likely among adult bees and from adult workers to larvae through contaminated food resources, because both viruses have been detected in all developmental stages and food sources (brood food, honey, pollen and royal jelly). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that mites were another possible route of horizontal transmission, as both viruses were detected in mites and their saliva. This study, for the first time, detected co-occurrence of viruses in varroa, further underlining the importance of the mites in vectoring different bee viruses. Therefore, these results indicated that multiple infection routes exist for honeybee viral diseases.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.80824-0
2005-08-01
2024-12-04
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/86/8/vir862281.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.80824-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Alexandersen S., Zhang Z., Donaldson A. I. 2002; Aspects of the persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in animals – the carrier problem. Microbes Infect 4:1099–1110 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Allen M. F., Ball B. V. 1995; Characterization and serological relationships of strains of Kashmir bee virus. Ann Appl Biol 126:471–484 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Allen M., Ball B. 1996; The incidence and world distribution of the honey bee viruses. Bee World 77:141–162 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Allen M. F., Ball B. V., White R. F., Antoniw J. F. 1986; The detection of acute paralysis virus in Varroa jacobsoni by the use of a simple indirect ELISA. J Apic Res 25:100–105
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Anderson D. L. 1985; Inapparent virus infections in honey bee ( Apis mellifera Linnaeus) pupae. In Proceedings of the Fourth Australasian Conference on Grassland Invertebrate Ecology, New Zealand 1985 pp  244–254 Edited by Chapman R. B. Christchurch, New Zealand: Caxton Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Anderson D. L., Gibbs A. J. 1988; Kashmir bee virus (KBV) occurs in Australia and the United States, but is not reported in Hawaii. Am Bee J 137:767–768
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bailey L. 1969; The multiplication and spread of sacbrood virus of bees. Ann Appl Biol 63:483–491 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Bailey L., Woods R. D. 1977; Two more small RNA viruses from honey bees and further observations on sacbrood and acute bee-paralysis viruses. J Gen Virol 37:175–182 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Bailey L., Ball B. V. 1991 Honey Bee Pathology , 2nd edn. London: Academic Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Bailey L., Gibbs A. J., Woods R. D. 1964; Sacbrood virus of the larval honey bee ( Apis mellifera Linnaeus). Virology 23:425–429 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Bakonyi T., Grabensteiner E., Kolodziejek J., Rusvai M., Topolska G., Ritter W., Nowotny N. 2002; Phylogenetic analysis of acute bee paralysis virus strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:6446–6450 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Ball B. V. 1983; The association of Varroa jacobsoni with virus diseases of honey bees. In Proceedings of a Meeting of the EC Experts' Group Wageningen: 7–9 February 1983 Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema;
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Ball B. V., Allen M. F. 1988; The prevalence of pathogens in honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) colonies infested with the parasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni . Ann Appl Biol 113:237–244 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Batuev Y. M. 1979; New information about virus paralysis. Pchelovodstvo 7:10–11 (in Russian
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Brødsgaard C. J., Ritter W., Hansen H., Brødsgaard H. F. 2000; Interactions among Varroa jacobsoni mites, acute paralysis virus, and Paenibacillus larvae larvae and their influence on mortality of larval honeybees in vitro. Apidologie 31:543–554 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Dall D. J. 1985; Inapparent infection of honey bee pupae by Kashmir and sacbrood bee viruses in Australia. Ann Appl Biol 106:461–468 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. de Miranda J. R., Drebot M., Tyler S., Shen M., Cameron C. E., Stoltz D. B., Camazine S. M. 2004; Complete nucleotide sequence of Kashmir bee virus and comparison with acute bee paralysis virus. J Gen Virol 85:2263–2270 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Ghosh R. C., Ball B. V., Willcocks M. M., Carter M. J. 1999; The nucleotide sequence of sacbrood virus of the honey bee: an insect picorna-like virus. J Gen Virol 80:1541–1549
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Girard S., Gosselin A.-S., Pelletier I., Colbère-Garapin F., Couderc T., Blondel B. 2002; Restriction of poliovirus RNA replication in persistently infected nerve cells. J Gen Virol 83:1087–1093
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Grabensteiner E., Ritter W., Carter M. J. 8 other authors 2001; Sacbrood virus of the honeybee ( Apis mellifera ): rapid identification and phylogenetic analysis using reverse transcription-PCR. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 8:93–104
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Harlow E., Lane D. 1999 Using Antibodies: a Laboratory Manual Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory;
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Hung A. C. F. 2000; PCR detection of Kashmir bee virus in honey bee excreta. J Apic Res 39:103–106
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Hung A. C. F., Shimanuki H. 1999; A scientific note on the detection of Kashmir bee virus in individual honeybees and Varroa jacobsoni mites. Apidologie 30:353–354 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Hung A. C. F., Peng Y. S. C., Shimanuki H. 2000; Nucleotide sequence variations in Kashmir bee virus isolated from Apis mellifera L. and Varroa jacobsoni Oud. Apidologie 31:17–23 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Jan E., Kinzy T. G., Sarnow P. 2003; Divergent tRNA-like element supports initiation, elongation, and termination of protein biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:15410–15415 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Korpela S., Aarhus A., Fries I., Hansen H. 1992; Varroa jacobsoni Oud. in cold climates: population growth, winter mortality and influence on the survival of honey bee colonies. J Apic Res 31:157–164
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Liljas L., Tate J., Lin T., Christian P., Johnson J. E. 2002; Evolutionary and taxonomic implications of conserved structural motifs between picornaviruses and insect picorna-like viruses. Arch Virol 147:59–84 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Morse R. A., Hooper T. 1985 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Beekeeping New York: E. P. Dutton;
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Morse R. A., Flottum K. 1997; In Honey Bee Pests . Predators, and Diseases pp  21–22, 3rd edn. Medina, OH: A. I. Root Company;
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Nakashima N., Sasaki J., Toriyama S. 1999; Determining the nucleotide sequence and capsid-coding region of Himetobi P virus: a member of a novel group of RNA viruses that infect insects. Arch Virol 144:2051–2058 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Nixon M. 1982; Preliminary world maps of honey bee diseases and parasites. Bee World 63:23–42
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Sambrook J., Fritsch E. F., Maniatis T. 1989 Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual , 2nd edn. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory;
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Sasaki J., Nakashima N. 1999; Translation initiation at the CUU codon is mediated by the internal ribosome entry site of an insect picorna-like virus in vitro. J Virol 73:1219–1226
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Sasaki J., Nakashima N. 2000; Methionine-independent initiation of translation in the capsid protein of an insect RNA virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:1512–1515 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Stoltz D., Shen X.-R., Boggis C., Sisson G. 1995; Molecular diagnosis of Kashmir bee virus infection. J Apic Res 34:153–160
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Turcu D., Gradinaru D. A., Mardare A., Gradinaru D. A. 1994; Electron microscopy and double agar gel immunodiffusion demonstration of bee viruses. Stud Res Vet Med 2:73–76
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.80824-0
Loading
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.80824-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error