Journal of General Virology: Most Cited Articles http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv?TRACK=RSS Please follow the links to view the content. Updated classification of norovirus genogroups and genotypes http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.001318?TRACK=RSS Noroviruses are genetically diverse RNA viruses associated with acute gastroenteritis in mammalian hosts. Phylogenetically, they can be segregated into different genogroups as well as P (polymerase)-groups and further into genotypes and P-types based on amino acid diversity of the complete VP1 gene and nucleotide diversity of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region of ORF1, respectively. In recent years, several new noroviruses have been reported that warrant an update of the existing classification scheme. Using previously described 2× standard deviation (sd) criteria to group sequences into separate clusters, we expanded the number of genogroups to 10 (GI-GX) and the number of genotypes to 49 (9 GI, 27 GII, 3 GIII, 2 GIV, 2 GV, 2 GVI and 1 genotype each for GVII, GVIII, GIX [formerly GII.15] and GX). Viruses for which currently only one sequence is available in public databases were classified into tentative new genogroups (GNA1 and GNA2) and genotypes (GII.NA1, GII.NA2 and GIV.NA1) with their definitive assignment awaiting additional related sequences. Based on nucleotide diversity in the RdRp region, noroviruses can be divided into 60 P-types (14 GI, 37 GII, 2 GIII, 1 GIV, 2 GV, 2 GVI, 1 GVII and 1 GX), 2 tentative P-groups and 14 tentative P-types. Future classification and nomenclature updates will be based on complete genome sequences and will be coordinated and disseminated by the international norovirus classification-working group. Preeti Chhabra, Miranda de Graaf, Gabriel I. Parra, Martin Chi-Wai Chan, Kim Green, Vito Martella, Qiuhong Wang, Peter A. White, Kazuhiko Katayama, Harry Vennema, Marion P. G. Koopmans and Jan Vinjé Wed Sep 04 15:31:36 UTC 2019Z Characteristics of the Microplate Method of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Detection of Plant Viruses http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-34-3-475?TRACK=RSS SUMMARY Some characteristics of a microplate method for the detection and assay of plant viruses using enzyme-labelled antibodies are described. The method enabled the highly sensitive detection of a number of morphologically different viruses in purified preparations and in unclarified extracts of herbaceous hosts and of infected crop plants. Virus concentrations were estimated by photometric measurement of the colour intensity of the hydrolysed substrate. The suitability of the technique for various field and research applications is considered. M. F. Clark and A. N. Adams Wed Nov 12 16:17:07 UTC 2014Z ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Parvoviridae http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.001212?TRACK=RSS Members of the family Parvoviridae are small, resilient, non-enveloped viruses with linear, single-stranded DNA genomes of 4–6 kb. Viruses in two subfamilies, the Parvovirinae and Densovirinae, are distinguished primarily by their respective ability to infect vertebrates (including humans) versus invertebrates. Being genetically limited, most parvoviruses require actively dividing host cells and are host and/or tissue specific. Some cause diseases, which range from subclinical to lethal. A few require co-infection with helper viruses from other families. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the Parvoviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/parvoviridae. Susan F. Cotmore, Mavis Agbandje-McKenna, Marta Canuti, John A. Chiorini, Anna-Maria Eis-Hubinger, Joseph Hughes, Mario Mietzsch, Sejal Modha, Mylène Ogliastro, Judit J. Pénzes, David J. Pintel, Jianming Qiu, Maria Soderlund-Venermo, Peter Tattersall, Peter Tijssen and ICTV Report Consortium Wed Jan 23 14:36:27 UTC 2019Z Characteristics of a Human Cell Line Transformed by DNA from Human Adenovirus Type 5 http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-36-1-59?TRACK=RSS SUMMARY Human embryonic kidney cells have been transformed by exposing cells to sheared fragments of adenovirus type 5 DNA. The transformed cells (designated 293 cells) exhibited many of the characteristics of transformation including the elaboration of a virus-specific tumour antigen. Analysis of the polypeptides synthesized in the 293 cells by labelling with 35S-methionine and SDS PAGE showed a variable pattern of synthesis, different in a number of respects from that seen in other human cells. On labelling the surface of cells by lactoperoxidase catalysed radio-iodination, the absence of a labelled polypeptide analogous to the 250 K (LETS) glycoprotein was noted. Hybridization of labelled cellular RNA with restriction fragments of adenovirus type 5 DNA indicated transcription of a portion of the adenovirus genome at the conventional left hand end. F. L. Graham, J. Smiley, W. C. Russell and R. Nairn Wed Nov 12 16:08:48 UTC 2014Z ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Hepeviridae 2022 http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.001778?TRACK=RSS The family Hepeviridae includes enterically transmitted small quasi-enveloped or non-enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses infecting mammals and birds (subfamily Orthohepevirinae) or fish (Parahepevirinae). Hepatitis E virus (genus Paslahepevirus) is responsible for self-limiting acute hepatitis in humans; the infection may become chronic in immunocompromised individuals and extrahepatic manifestations have been described. Avian hepatitis E virus (genus Avihepevirus) causes hepatitis–splenomegaly syndrome in chickens. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Hepeviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/hepeviridae. Michael A. Purdy, Jan Felix Drexler, Xiang-Jin Meng, Heléne Norder, Hiroaki Okamoto, Wim H. M. Van der Poel, Gábor Reuter, William M. de Souza, Rainer G. Ulrich and Donald B. Smith Wed Sep 28 15:56:00 UTC 2022Z ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Picornaviridae http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.000911?TRACK=RSS The family Picornaviridae comprises small non-enveloped viruses with RNA genomes of 6.7 to 10.1 kb, and contains >30 genera and >75 species. Most of the known picornaviruses infect mammals and birds, but some have also been detected in reptiles, amphibians and fish. Many picornaviruses are important human and veterinary pathogens and may cause diseases of the central nervous system, heart, liver, skin, gastrointestinal tract or upper respiratory tract. Most picornaviruses are transmitted by the faecal–oral or respiratory routes. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the Picornaviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/picornaviridae. R. Zell, E. Delwart, A. E. Gorbalenya, T. Hovi, A. M. Q. King, N. J. Knowles, A. M. Lindberg, M. A. Pallansch, A. C. Palmenberg, G. Reuter, P. Simmonds, T. Skern, G. Stanway, T. Yamashita and ICTV Report Consortium Fri Sep 08 09:21:18 UTC 2017Z Measles Virus RNA Detected in Paget's Disease Bone Tissue by in situ Hybridization http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-67-5-907?TRACK=RSS Summary Morphological and immunocytological studies have demonstrated the presence of paramyxovirus antigens in Paget's bone disease tissue and in particular antigens related to measles virus and respiratory syncytial virus. To examine the relationship between measles virus and Paget's bone disease we used in situ hybridization and a cloned measles virus DNA probe specific for the nucleocapsid protein to detect and locate measles virus RNA sequences in Paget's bone tissue. In five patients with the disease, measles virus RNA sequences were detected not only in 80 to 90% of the multinucleated osteoclasts where there is morphological and immunocytological evidence of measles virus activity but also in 30 to 40% of mononucleated bone cells, mainly osteoblasts, osteocytes, fibroblasts and lympho-monocytes. In contrast, no hybridization was observed in bone tissue from three control patients without signs of Paget's bone disease. These results indicate that the host cell range for measles virus in Paget's disease is more widespread than has been supposed. They also demonstrate the usefulness of the in situ hybridization method to detect viral genetic information in cells where viral antigenic activity is not detectable. These observations further support the hypothesis that measles virus is involved in the pathogenesis of Paget's bone disease. Michel F. Baslé, Jean G. Fournier, Shmuel Rozenblatt, André Rebel and Michel Bouteille Tue Feb 03 11:35:57 UTC 2015Z A tale of two clades: monkeypox viruses http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.81215-0?TRACK=RSS Human monkeypox was first recognized outside Africa in 2003 during an outbreak in the USA that was traced to imported monkeypox virus (MPXV)-infected West African rodents. Unlike the smallpox-like disease described in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC; a Congo Basin country), disease in the USA appeared milder. Here, analyses compared clinical, laboratory and epidemiological features of confirmed human monkeypox case-patients, using data from outbreaks in the USA and the Congo Basin, and the results suggested that human disease pathogenicity was associated with the viral strain. Genomic sequencing of USA, Western and Central African MPXV isolates confirmed the existence of two MPXV clades. A comparison of open reading frames between MPXV clades permitted prediction of viral proteins that could cause the observed differences in human pathogenicity between these two clades. Understanding the molecular pathogenesis and clinical and epidemiological properties of MPXV can improve monkeypox prevention and control. Anna M. Likos, Scott A. Sammons, Victoria A. Olson, A. Michael Frace, Yu Li, Melissa Olsen-Rasmussen, Whitni Davidson, Renee Galloway, Marina L. Khristova, Mary G. Reynolds, Hui Zhao, Darin S. Carroll, Aaron Curns, Pierre Formenty, Joseph J. Esposito, Russell L. Regnery and Inger K. Damon Fri Nov 21 01:21:28 UTC 2014Z SARS-coronavirus-2 replication in Vero E6 cells: replication kinetics, rapid adaptation and cytopathology http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.001453?TRACK=RSS The sudden emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at the end of 2019 from the Chinese province of Hubei and its subsequent pandemic spread highlight the importance of understanding the full molecular details of coronavirus infection and pathogenesis. Here, we compared a variety of replication features of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV and analysed the cytopathology caused by the two closely related viruses in the commonly used Vero E6 cell line. Compared to SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 generated higher levels of intracellular viral RNA, but strikingly about 50-fold less infectious viral progeny was recovered from the culture medium. Immunofluorescence microscopy of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells established extensive cross-reactivity of antisera previously raised against a variety of non-structural proteins, membrane and nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV. Electron microscopy revealed that the ultrastructural changes induced by the two SARS viruses are very similar and occur within comparable time frames after infection. Furthermore, we determined that the sensitivity of the two viruses to three established inhibitors of coronavirus replication (remdesivir, alisporivir and chloroquine) is very similar, but that SARS-CoV-2 infection was substantially more sensitive to pre-treatment of cells with pegylated interferon alpha. An important difference between the two viruses is the fact that – upon passaging in Vero E6 cells – SARS-CoV-2 apparently is under strong selection pressure to acquire adaptive mutations in its spike protein gene. These mutations change or delete a putative furin-like cleavage site in the region connecting the S1 and S2 domains and result in a very prominent phenotypic change in plaque assays. Natacha S. Ogando, Tim J. Dalebout, Jessika C. Zevenhoven-Dobbe, Ronald W.A.L. Limpens, Yvonne van der Meer, Leon Caly, Julian Druce, Jutte J. C. de Vries, Marjolein Kikkert, Montserrat Bárcena, Igor Sidorov and Eric J. Snijder Mon Jun 22 15:04:08 UTC 2020Z ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Adenoviridae 2022 http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.001721?TRACK=RSS The family Adenoviridae includes non-enveloped viruses with linear dsDNA genomes of 25–48 kb and medium-sized icosahedral capsids. Adenoviruses have been discovered in vertebrates from fish to humans. The family is divided into six genera, each of which is more common in certain animal groups. The outcome of infection may vary from subclinical to lethal disease. This is a summary of the ICTV Report on the family Adenoviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/adenoviridae. Mária Benkő, Koki Aoki, Niklas Arnberg, Andrew J. Davison, Marcela Echavarría, Michael Hess, Morris S. Jones, Győző L. Kaján, Adriana E. Kajon, Suresh K. Mittal, Iva I. Podgorski, Carmen San Martín, Göran Wadell, Hidemi Watanabe, Balázs Harrach and ICTV Report Consortium Wed Mar 09 12:54:00 UTC 2022Z