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Volume 168, Issue 3

How bacteria utilize sialic acid during interactions with the host: snip, snatch, dispatch, match and attach Open Access

This article is part of the Bacterial Cell Envelopes collection and the Environmental Sensing and Cell-Cell Communication collection

Abstract

-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), and its precursor -acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), commonly referred to as sialic acids, are two of the most common glycans found in mammals. Humans carry a mutation in the enzyme that converts Neu5Ac into Neu5Gc, and as such, expression of Neu5Ac can be thought of as a ‘human specific’ trait. Bacteria can utilize sialic acids as a carbon and energy source and have evolved multiple ways to take up sialic acids. In order to generate free sialic acid, many bacteria produce sialidases that cleave sialic acid residues from complex glycan structures. In addition, sialidases allow escape from innate immune mechanisms, and can synergize with other virulence factors such as toxins. Human-adapted pathogens have evolved a preference for Neu5Ac, with many bacterial adhesins, and major classes of toxin, specifically recognizing Neu5Ac containing glycans as receptors. The preference of human-adapted pathogens for Neu5Ac also occurs during biosynthesis of surface structures such as lipo-oligosaccharide (LOS), lipo-polysaccharide (LPS) and polysaccharide capsules, subverting the human host immune system by mimicking the host. This review aims to provide an update on the advances made in understanding the role of sialic acid in bacteria-host interactions made in the last 5–10 years, and put these findings into context by highlighting key historical discoveries. We provide a particular focus on ‘molecular mimicry’ and incorporation of sialic acid onto the bacterial outer-surface, and the role of sialic acid as a receptor for bacterial adhesins and toxins.

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  • Accepted:
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Keyword(s): adherence , adhesin , bacterial pathogen , molecular mimicry , N-acetylneuraminic acid , N-glycolylneuraminic acid , Neu5Ac , Neu5GC and sialic acid
© 2022 The Authors
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License. This article was made open access via a Publish and Read agreement between the Microbiology Society and the corresponding author’s institution.
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2022-03-22
2024-04-26
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http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.001157
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How bacteria utilize sialic acid during interactions with the host: snip, snatch, dispatch, match and attach
Microbiology 168, 001157 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.001157
/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.001157
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