1887

Abstract

multinucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV) and nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpltNPV) are genetically similar, but the larvae of are not susceptible to SpltNPV. The aim of this study was to identify whether any process was inhibiting SpltNPV infection at some point. larvae infected with a high concentration of wild-type SpltNPV by oral inoculation produced a fatal infection in second- or third-instar , but the dead larvae did not undergo liquefaction; in contrast, fourth-instar infected larvae remained healthy. RT-PCR analysis of total RNA from infected second-instar larvae targeting immediate-early (), early (), late () and very late () genes suggested that SpltNPV initiated infection in the non-susceptible hosts. Total DNA extracted from the haemocytes of infected larvae showed DNA ladders characteristic of apoptosis. Sections of tissue from infected third-instar larvae of at 96 h post-inoculation, stained with haematoxylin and eosin, revealed a highly disrupted morphology in the fat body. Apoptosis in fat body tissue was detected using terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated fluorescein–dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assays. hybridization revealed the presence of viral DNA within the TUNEL-positive area, indicating viral infection in this tissue. These results suggest that apoptosis limits viral propagation by reducing the number of SpltNPV-infected haemocytes and fat body cells and inhibits disseminated viral infection.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82919-0
2007-08-01
2024-10-08
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/88/8/2185.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82919-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Ausubel F. M., Brent R., Kingston R. E., Moore D. D., Seidman J. G., Smith J. A., Struhl K. 1995 Short Protocols in Molecular Biology New York: Wiley;
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Chejanovsky N., Gershburg E. 1995; The wild-type Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus induces apoptosis of Spodoptera littoralis cells. Virology 209:519–525 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Clarke T. E., Clem R. J. 2002; Lack of involvement of haemocytes in the establishment and spread of infection in Spodoptera frugiperda larvae infected with the baculovirus Autographa californica M nucleopolyhedrovirus by intrahaemocoelic injection. J Gen Virol 83:1565–1572
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Clarke T. E., Clem R. J. 2003a; Insect defenses against virus infection: the role of apoptosis. Int Rev Immunol 22:401–424 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Clarke T. E., Clem R. J. 2003b; In vivo induction of apoptosis correlating with reduced infectivity during baculovirus infection. J Virol 77:2227–2232 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Clem R. J. 2001; Baculoviruses and apoptosis: the good, the bad and the ugly. Cell Death Differ 8:137–143 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Clem R. J., Miller L. K. 1993; Apoptosis reduces both the in vitro replication and the in vivo infectivity of a baculovirus. J Virol 67:3730–3738
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Clem R. J., Fechheimer M., Miller L. K. 1991; Prevention of apoptosis by a baculovirus gene during infection of insect cells. Science 254:1388–1390 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Dai X. J., Pang Y., Nong G., Shi X. Z. 1998; Is baculovirus gp64 gene a primary factor inducing apoptosis of insect cells?. Acta Sci Natur Univ Sunyatseni 37:7–12 (in Chinese
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Engelhard E. K., Kam-Morgan L. N., Washburn J. O., Volkman L. E. 1994; The insect tracheal system: a conduit for the systemic spread of Autographa californica M nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:3224–3227 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Federici B. A. 1997; Baculovirus pathogenesis. In The Baculoviruses pp 33–56 Edited by Miller L. K. New York: Plenum Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Granados R. R., Lawler K. A. 1981; In vivo pathway of Autographa californica baculovirus invasion and infection. Virology 108:297–308 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Hamm J. J. 1966; A modified azan staining technique for inclusion body viruses. J Invertebr Pathol 8:125–126 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Herniou E. A., Olszewski J. A., Cory J. S., O'Reilly D. R. 2003; The genome sequence and evolution of baculoviruses. Annu Rev Entomol 48:211–234 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Herrmann M., Lorenz H.-M., Voll R., Grunke M., Woith W., Kalden J. R. 1994; A rapid and simple method for the isolation of apoptotic DNA fragments. Nucleic Acids Res 22:5506–5507 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Hoover K., Washburn J. O., Volkman L. E. 2000; Midgut-based resistance of Heliothis virescens to baculovirus infection mediated by phytochemicals in cotton. J Insect Physiol 46:999–1007 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Hughes P. R., Wood H. A. 1981; A synchronous peroral technique for the bioassay of insect viruses. J Invertebr Pathol 37:154–159 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. IJkel W. F., van Strien E. A., Heldens J. G., Broer R., Zuidema D., Goldbach R. W., Vlak J. M. 1999; Sequence and organization of the Spodoptera exigua multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus genome. J Gen Virol 80:3289–3304
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Keddie B. A., Aponte G. W., Volkman L. E. 1989; The pathway of infection of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus in an insect host. Science 243:1728–1730 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Li G., Pang Y., Chen Q., Su Z., Wen X. 2002; Studies on the artificial diet for beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua . Chin J Biol Control 18:132–134
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Miller L. K., Lu A. 1997; The molecular basis of baculovirus host range. In The Baculoviruses pp 217–233 Edited by Miller L. K. New York: Plenum Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Moscardi F. 1999; Assessment of the application of baculoviruses for control of Lepidoptera. Annu Rev Entomol 44:257–289 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  23. O'Brien V. 1998; Viruses and apoptosis. J Gen Virol 79:1833–1845
    [Google Scholar]
  24. O'Reilly D. R., Miller L. K., Luckow V. A. 1992 Baculovirus Expression Vectors: a Laboratory Manual New York: W. H. Freeman & Company;
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Palli S. R., Caputo G. F., Sohi S. S., Brownwright A. J., Ladd T. R., Cook B. J., Primavera M., Arif B. M., Retnakaran A. 1996; CfMNPV blocks AcMNPV-induced apoptosis in a continuous midgut cell line. Virology 222:201–213 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Pang Y., Yu J., Wang L., Hu X., Bao W., Li G., Chen C., Han H., Hu S., Yang H. 2001; Sequence analysis of the Spodoptera litura multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus genome. Virology 287:391–404 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Rivkin H., Kroemer J. A., Bronshtein A., Belausov E., Webb B. A., Chejanovsky N. 2006; Response of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed Spodoptera littoralis larvae to baculovirus infection. J Gen Virol 87:2217–2225 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Simon O., Williams T., Lopez-Ferber M., Caballero P. 2004; Virus entry or the primary infection cycle are not the principal determinants of host specificity of Spodoptera spp. nucleopolyhedroviruses. J Gen Virol 85:2845–2855 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Theilmann D. A., Blissard G. W., Bonning B., Jehle J. A., O'Reilly D. R., Rohrmann G. F., Thiem S., Vlak J. M. 2005; Baculoviridae . In Virus Taxonomy. Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses pp 1129–1185 Edited by Fauquet C. M., Mayo M. A., Maniloff J., Desselberger U., Ball L. A. New York: Springer;
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Trudeau D., Washburn J. O., Volkman L. E. 2001; Central role of hemocytes in Autographa californica M nucleopolyhedrovirus pathogenesis in Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea . J Virol 75:996–1003 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Washburn J. O., Kirkpatrick B. A., Volkman L. E. 1996; Insect protection against viruses. Nature 383:767 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Washburn J. O., Haas-Stapleton E. J., Tan F. F., Beckage N. E., Volkman L. E. 2000; Co-infection of Manduca sexta larvae with polydnavirus from Cotesia congregata increases susceptibility to fatal infection by Autographa californica M nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Insect Physiol 46:179–190 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  33. White E. 1996; Life, death, and the pursuit of apoptosis. Genes Dev 10:1–15 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Yanase T., Yasunaga C., Kawarabata T. 1998; Replication of Spodoptera exigua nucleopolyhedrovirus in permissive and non-permissive lepidopteran cell lines. Acta Virol 42:293–298
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Zhang P., Yang K., Dai X., Pang Y., Su D. 2002; Infection of wild-type Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus induces in vivo apoptosis of Spodoptera litura larvae. J Gen Virol 83:3003–3011
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82919-0
Loading
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82919-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplements

Supplementary material 1

PDF
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error