1887

Journal of General Virology header logo

Volume 105, Issue 2

Immunogenicity, safety and duration of protection afforded by chikungunya virus vaccines undergoing human clinical trials Open Access

Abstract

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes chikungunya fever and has been responsible for major global epidemics of arthritic disease over the past two decades. Multiple CHIKV vaccine candidates are currently undergoing or have undergone human clinical trials, with one vaccine candidate receiving FDA approval. This scoping review was performed to evaluate the ‘efficacy’, ‘safety’ and ‘duration of protection’ provided by CHIKV vaccine candidates in human clinical trials.

This scoping literature review addresses studies involving CHIKV vaccine clinical trials using available literature on the PubMed, Medline Embase, Cochrane Library and Clinicaltrial.gov databases published up to 25 August 2023. Covidence software was used to structure information and review the studies included in this article.

A total of 1138 studies were screened and, after removal of duplicate studies, 12 relevant studies were thoroughly reviewed to gather information. This review summarizs that all seven CHIKV vaccine candidates achieved over 90 % seroprotection against CHIKV after one or two doses. All vaccines were able to provide neutralizing antibody protection for at least 28 days.

A variety of vaccine technologies have been used to develop CHIKV vaccine candidates. With one vaccine candidate having recently received FDA approval, it is likely that further CHIKV vaccines will be available commercially in the near future.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
Keyword(s): alphavirus , chikungunya virus and vaccine
Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • National Health and Medical Research Council (Award 1122897)
    • Principle Award Recipient: AdamTaylor
  • National Health and Medical Research Council (Award 1154347)
    • Principle Award Recipient: SureshMahalingam
© 2024 The Authors
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. This article was made open access via a Publish and Read agreement between the Microbiology Society and the corresponding author’s institution.
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.001965
2024-02-29
2024-04-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/105/2/jgv001965.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.001965&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Robinson MC. An epidemic of virus disease in Southern Province, Tanganyika Territory, in 1952-53. I. Clinical features. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1955; 49:28–32 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Strauss JH, Strauss EG. The alphaviruses: gene expression, replication, and evolution. Microbiol Rev 1994; 58:491–562 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Pathak H, Mohan MC, Ravindran V. Chikungunya arthritis. Clin Med 2019; 19:381–385 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Control ECfDPa Chikungunya Worldwide Overview 2022
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Langsjoen RM, Haller SL, Roy CJ, Vinet-Oliphant H, Bergren NA et al. Chikungunya virus strains show lineage-specific variations in virulence and cross-protective ability in murine and non-human primate models. mBio 2018; 9:e02449-17 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Simon F, Parola P, Grandadam M, Fourcade S, Oliver M et al. Chikungunya infection: an emerging rheumatism among travelers returned from Indian Ocean islands. Report of 47 cases. Medicine 2007; 86:123–137 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Hochedez P, Hausfater P, Jaureguiberry S, Gay F, Datry A et al. Cases of chikungunya fever imported from the islands of the South West Indian Ocean to Paris, France. Euro Surveill 2007; 12:13–14 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  8. de Andrade GC, Ventura CV, Mello Filho PA de A, Maia M, Vianello S et al. Arboviruses and the eye. Int J Retina Vitreous 2017; 3:4 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Krishnamoorthy K, Harichandrakumar KT, Krishna Kumari A, Das LK. Burden of chikungunya in India: estimates of disability adjusted life years (DALY) lost in 2006 epidemic. J Vector Borne Dis 2009; 46:26–35 [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Brito CCA. Severe cases and deaths associated with chikungunya in Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 50:585–589 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Economopoulou A, Dominguez M, Helynck B, Sissoko D, Wichmann O et al. Atypical chikungunya virus infections: clinical manifestations, mortality and risk factors for severe disease during the 2005-2006 outbreak on Réunion. Epidemiol Infect 2009; 137:534–541 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Lima Neto AS, Sousa GS, Nascimento OJ, Castro MC. Chikungunya-attributable deaths: a neglected outcome of a neglected disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007575 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Freitas ARR, Cavalcanti L, Von Zuben AP, Donalisio MR. Excess mortality related to chikungunya epidemics in the context of co-circulation of other arboviruses in Brazil. PLoS Curr 2017; 9: [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Mavalankar D, Shastri P, Bandyopadhyay T, Parmar J, Ramani KV. Increased mortality rate associated with chikungunya epidemic, Ahmedabad, India. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:412–415 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Beesoon S, Funkhouser E, Kotea N, Spielman A, Robich RM. Chikungunya fever, Mauritius, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:337–338 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) Number of reported cases of chikungunya fever in the Americas, by country or territory 2013-2014; 2015 https://www3.paho.org/hq/dmdocuments/2016/2015-may-15-cha-CHIKV-cases-ew-19.pdf updated 23 October 2015
  17. Torales M, Beeson A, Grau L et al. Notes from the field: Chikungunya outbreak — Paraguay, 2022–2023. MMWR Morb mortal 2023. Wkly Rep 2023; 72:636–638 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Control ECfDPa Autochthonous transmission of chikungunya virus in mainland EU/EEA, 2007–Present 2007
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Kraemer MUG, Sinka ME, Duda KA, Mylne AQN, Shearer FM et al. The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Elife 2015; 4:e08347 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Jourdain F, de Valk H, Noël H, Paty M-C, L’Ambert G et al. Estimating chikungunya virus transmission parameters and vector control effectiveness highlights key factors to mitigate arboviral disease outbreaks. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010244 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Silva LA, Dermody TS. Chikungunya virus: epidemiology, replication, disease mechanisms, and prospective intervention strategies. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:737–749 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Rossi SL, Comer JE, Wang E, Azar SR, Lawrence WS et al. Immunogenicity and efficacy of a measles virus-vectored chikungunya vaccine in non-human primates. J Infect Dis 2019; 220:735–742 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Harrison VR, Eckels KH, Bartelloni PJ, Hampton C. Production and evaluation of a formalin-killed chikungunya vaccine. J Immunol 1971; 107:643–647 [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Tiwari M, Parida M, Santhosh SR, Khan M, Dash PK et al. Assessment of immunogenic potential of vero adapted formalin inactivated vaccine derived from novel ECSA genotype of chikungunya virus. Vaccine 2009; 27:2513–2522 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Eckels KH, Harrison VR, Hetrick FM. Chikungunya virus vaccine prepared by tween-ether extraction. Appl Microbiol 1970; 19:321–325 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Edelman R, Tacket CO, Wasserman SS, Bodison SA, Perry JG et al. Phase II safety and immunogenicity study of live chikungunya virus vaccine TSI-GSD-218. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000; 62:681–685 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Taylor A, Liu X, Zaid A, Goh LYH, Hobson-Peters J et al. Mutation of the N-Terminal region of chikungunya virus capsid protein: implications for vaccine design. mBio 2017; 8:e01970-16 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Wang E, Volkova E, Adams AP, Forrester N, Xiao S-Y et al. Chimeric alphavirus vaccine candidates for chikungunya. Vaccine 2008; 26:5030–5039 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Wang E, Kim DY, Weaver SC, Frolov I. Chimeric chikungunya viruses are nonpathogenic in highly sensitive mouse models but efficiently induce a protective immune response. J Virol 2011; 85:9249–9252 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Muthumani K, Lankaraman KM, Laddy DJ, Sundaram SG, Chung CW et al. Immunogenicity of novel consensus-based DNA vaccines against chikungunya virus. Vaccine 2008; 26:5128–5134 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Metz SW, Gardner J, Geertsema C, Le TT, Goh L et al. Effective chikungunya virus-like particle vaccine produced in insect cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2124 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Akahata W, Nabel GJ. A specific domain of the chikungunya virus E2 protein regulates particle formation in human cells: implications for alphavirus vaccine design. J Virol 2012; 86:8879–8883 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  33. McGowan J, Straus S, Moher D, Langlois EV, O’Brien KK et al. Reporting scoping reviews-PRISMA ScR extension. J Clin Epidemiol 2020; 123:177–179 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  34. da Costa Santos CM, de Mattos Pimenta CA, Nobre MRC. The PICO strategy for the research question construction and evidence search. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2007; 15:508–511 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  35. software Csr Veritas Health Innovation Melbourne, Australia:
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Shaw CA, August A, Bart S, Booth P-GJ, Knightly C et al. A phase 1, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of an mRNA-based chikungunya virus vaccine in healthy adults. Vaccine 2023; 41:3898–3906 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Pohjala L, Utt A, Varjak M, Lulla A, Merits A et al. Inhibitors of alphavirus entry and replication identified with a stable chikungunya replicon cell line and virus-based assays. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28923 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Hallengärd D, Kakoulidou M, Lulla A, Kümmerer BM, Johansson DX et al. Novel attenuated Chikungunya vaccine candidates elicit protective immunity in C57BL/6 mice. J Virol 2014; 88:2858–2866 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Götte B, Liu L, McInerney GM. The enigmatic alphavirus non-structural protein 3 (nsP3) revealing its secrets at last. Viruses 2018; 10:105 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Madan V, Sanz MA, Carrasco L. Requirement of the vesicular system for membrane permeabilization by Sindbis virus. Virology 2005; 332:307–315 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Roques P, Ljungberg K, Kümmerer BM, Gosse L, Dereuddre-Bosquet N et al. Attenuated and vectored vaccines protect nonhuman primates against chikungunya virus. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e83527 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Hallengärd D, Kakoulidou M, Lulla A, Kümmerer BM, Johansson DX et al. Novel attenuated chikungunya vaccine candidates elicit protective immunity in C57BL/6 mice. J Virol 2014; 88:2858–2866 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Hallengärd D, Lum F-M, Kümmerer BM, Lulla A, Lulla V et al. Prime-boost immunization strategies against chikungunya virus. J Virol 2014; 88:13333–13343 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Valneva Valneva Reports Excellent Final Phase 1 Results for Its Chikungunya Vaccine Candidate, Confirms Plans 2018
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Roques P, Fritzer A, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Wressnigg N, Hochreiter R et al. Effectiveness of CHIKV vaccine VLA1553 demonstrated by passive transfer of human sera. JCI Insight 2022; 7:14 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Brandler S, Ruffié C, Combredet C, Brault J-B, Najburg V et al. A recombinant measles vaccine expressing chikungunya virus-like particles is strongly immunogenic and protects mice from lethal challenge with chikungunya virus. Vaccine 2013; 31:3718–3725 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Combredet C, Labrousse V, Mollet L, Lorin C, Delebecque F et al. A molecularly cloned Schwarz strain of measles virus vaccine induces strong immune responses in macaques and transgenic mice. J Virol 2003; 77:11546–11554 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Institut Pasteur Phase 1 trial of the vaccine candidate which was developed under an R&D collaboration between Themis Bioscience GmbH and the Institut Pasteur (Paris) shows good immunogenicity, safety and tolerability 2015
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Dubrulle M, Mousson L, Moutailler S, Vazeille M, Failloux A-B. Chikungunya virus and Aedes mosquitoes: saliva is infectious as soon as two days after oral infection. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5895 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Goyal M, Chauhan A, Goyal V, Jaiswal N, Singh S et al. Recent development in the strategies projected for chikungunya vaccine in humans. Drug Des Devel Ther 2018; 12:4195–4206 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  51. ICHGCP Seamless controlled trial to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of chikungunya vaccine in Latin America and Asia 2020
     [Google Scholar]
  52. IVI CEPI awards up to US$14.1million to consortium of IVI and Bharat BIOTECH to advance development of chikungunya vaccine in collaboration with Ind-CEPI 2020
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Hernandez LM, Sumathy K, Sahastrabuddhe S, Excler J-L, Kochhar S et al. A Brighton Collaboration standardized template with key considerations for a benefit/risk assessment for an inactivated viral vaccine against chikungunya virus. Vaccine 2022; 40:5263–5274 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Pereira MR, RFdO F. A review on chikungunya virus epidemiology, pathogenesis and current vaccine development. Viruses 2022; 14:969 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Akahata W, Yang Z-Y, Andersen H, Sun S, Holdaway HA et al. A virus-like particle vaccine for epidemic chikungunya virus protects nonhuman primates against infection. Nat Med 2010; 16:334–338 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Kushnir N, Streatfield SJ, Yusibov V. Virus-like particles as a highly efficient vaccine platform: diversity of targets and production systems and advances in clinical development. Vaccine 2012; 31:58–83 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Roldão A, Mellado MCM, Castilho LR, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM. Virus-like particles in vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:1149–1176 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Akahata W, Yang Z-Y, Andersen H, Sun S, Holdaway HA et al. A virus-like particle vaccine for epidemic chikungunya virus protects nonhuman primates against infection. Nat Med 2010; 16:334–338 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Levitt NH, Ramsburg HH, Hasty SE, Repik PM, Cole FE et al. Development of an attenuated strain of chikungunya virus for use in vaccine production. Vaccine 1986; 4:157–162 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Campos RK, Preciado-Llanes L, Azar SR, Lopez-Camacho C, Reyes-Sandoval A et al. A single and un-adjuvanted dose of a chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine against chikungunya virus fully protects mice from lethal disease. Pathogens 2019; 8:231 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Folegatti PM, Harrison K, Preciado-Llanes L, Lopez FR, Bittaye M et al. A single dose of ChAdOx1 Chik vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies against four chikungunya virus lineages in a phase 1 clinical trial. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4636 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  62. López-Camacho C, Kim YC, Blight J, Lazaro Moreli M, Montoya-Diaz E et al. Assessment of immunogenicity and neutralisation efficacy of viral-vectored vaccines against chikungunya virus. Viruses 2019; 11:322 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Wressnigg N, Hochreiter R, Zoihsl O, Fritzer A, Bézay N et al. Single-shot live-attenuated chikungunya vaccine in healthy adults: a phase 1, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2020; 20:1193–1203 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Schneider M, Narciso-Abraham M, Hadl S, McMahon R, Toepfer S et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a single-shot live-attenuated chikungunya vaccine: a double-blind, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2023; 401:2138–2147 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Valneva Valneva Reports Positive End-of-Phase 2 Chikungunya Meeting with the U.S. FDA. In Sets Stage for Phase 3 Study
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Gasque P, Couderc T, Lecuit M, Roques P, Ng LFP. Chikungunya virus pathogenesis and immunity. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015; 15:241–249 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Ramsauer K, Schwameis M, Firbas C, Müllner M, Putnak RJ et al. Immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability of a recombinant measles-virus-based chikungunya vaccine: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, active-comparator, first-in-man trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2015; 15:519–527 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Shaw C, Panther L, August A, Zaks T, Smolenov I et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a mRNA-based chikungunya vaccine in a phase 1 dose-ranging trial. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 79:17 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Chang L-J, Dowd KA, Mendoza FH, Saunders JG, Sitar S et al. Safety and tolerability of chikungunya virus-like particle vaccine in healthy adults: a phase 1 dose-escalation trial. Lancet 2014; 384:2046–2052 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Edelman R, Tacket CO, Wasserman SS, Bodison SA, Perry JG et al. Phase II safety and immunogenicity study of live chikungunya virus vaccine TSI-GSD-218. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000; 62:681–685 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Reisinger EC, Tschismarov R, Beubler E, Wiedermann U, Firbas C et al. Immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability of the measles-vectored chikungunya virus vaccine MV-CHIK: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled and active-controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet 2019; 392:2718–2727 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  72. Reisinger EC, Tschismarov R, Beubler E, Wiedermann U, Firbas C et al. Immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability of the measles-vectored chikungunya virus vaccine MV-CHIK: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled and active-controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet 2018; 392:2718–2727 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  73. Fine PE, Chen RT. Confounding in studies of adverse reactions to vaccines. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 136:121–135 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  74. WHO Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI)
     [Google Scholar]
  75. WHO Immunization safety surveillance: Guideline for managers of immunization programmes on reporting and investigating adverse events following immunization Manila: 1999
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Blogs P. A reader’s guide to safety & adverse event data from vaccine trials 2021
     [Google Scholar]
  77. FDA What is a serious adverse event?. https://www.fda.gov/safety/reporting-serious-problems-fda/what-serious-adverse-event
  78. France SH. Valneva successfully completes pivotal phase 3 trial of single-shot chikungunya vaccine candidate 2022
     [Google Scholar]
  79. FDA Guidance for industry: Toxicity grading scale for healthy adult 2007
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Gerke C, Frantz PN, Ramsauer K, Tangy F. Measles-vectored vaccine approaches against viral infections: a focus on Chikungunya. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:393–403 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Bennett SR, McCarty JM, Ramanathan R, Mendy J, Richardson JS et al. Safety and immunogenicity of PXVX0317, an aluminium hydroxide-adjuvanted chikungunya virus-like particle vaccine: a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, phase 2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2022; 22:1343–1355 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  82. WHO Vaccine efficacy, effectiveness and protection 2021
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Henss L, Yue C, Von Rhein C, Tschismarov R, Lewis-Ximenez LL et al. Analysis of humoral immune responses in Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)-infected patients and individuals vaccinated with a candidate CHIKV vaccine. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:1713–1723 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Galatas B, Ly S, Duong V, Baisley K, Nguon K et al. Long-lasting immune protection and other epidemiological findings after chikungunya emergence in a cambodian rural community, April 2012. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004281 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  85. Nitatpattana N, Kanjanopas K, Yoksan S, Satimai W, Vongba N et al. Long-term persistence of Chikungunya virus neutralizing antibodies in human populations of North Eastern Thailand. Virol J 2014; 11:1–5 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Freitas GRO, Silva DAO, Yokosawa J, Paula NT, Costa LF et al. Antibody response and avidity of respiratory syncytial virus-specific total IgG, IgG1, and IgG3 in young children. J Med Virol 2011; 83:1826–1833 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Kontio M, Jokinen S, Paunio M, Peltola H, Davidkin I. Waning antibody levels and avidity: implications for MMR vaccine-induced protection. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:1542–1548 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Rabe IB, Staples JE, Villanueva J, Hummel KB, Johnson JA et al. Interim guidance for interpretation of zika virus antibody test results. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016; 65:543–546 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Rezza G, Weaver SC. Chikungunya as a paradigm for emerging viral diseases: evaluating disease impact and hurdles to vaccine development. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0006919 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  90. Kam Y-W, Lee WWL, Simarmata D, Harjanto S, Teng T-S et al. Longitudinal analysis of the human antibody response to chikungunya virus infection: implications for serodiagnosis and vaccine development. J Virol 2012; 86:13005–13015 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Chandley P, Lukose A, Kumar R, Rohatgi S. An overview of anti-chikungunya antibody response in natural infection and vaccine-mediated immunity, including anti-CHIKV vaccine candidates and monoclonal antibodies targeting diverse epitopes on the viral envelope. The Microbe 2023; 1:100018 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Tschismarov R, Zellweger RM, Koh MJ, Leong YS, Low JG et al. Antibody effector analysis of prime versus prime-boost immunizations with a recombinant measles-vectored chikungunya virus vaccine. JCI Insight 2021; 6:21 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Henss L, Yue C, Von Rhein C, Tschismarov R, Lewis-Ximenez LL et al. Analysis of humoral immune responses in chikungunya virus (CHIKV)-infected patients and individuals vaccinated with a candidate CHIKV vaccine. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:1713–1723 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Bennett SR, McCarty JM, Ramanathan R, Mendy J, Richardson JS et al. Safety and immunogenicity of PXVX0317, an aluminium hydroxide-adjuvanted chikungunya virus-like particle vaccine: a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, phase 2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2022; 22:1343–1355 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  95. Chen GL, Coates EE, Plummer SH, Carter CA, Berkowitz N et al. Effect of a chikungunya virus-like particle vaccine on safety and tolerability outcomes: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2020; 323:1369–1377 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.001965
Loading
Immunogenicity, safety and duration of protection afforded by chikungunya virus vaccines undergoing human clinical trials
J. Gen. Virol. 105, 001965 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001965
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.001965
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.001965
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Most cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error