1887

Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are a common source of morbidity in people living with HIV (PLWH). Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has lessened the severity of neurocognitive disorders, cognitive impairment still occurs in PLWH receiving ART. The pathogenesis of HAND is likely multifaceted, but common factors include the persistence of HIV transcription within the central nervous system, higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid, and the presence of activated microglia. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and TLR8 are innate pathogen recognition receptors located in microglia and other immune and non-immune cells that can recognise HIV RNA and trigger pro-inflammatory responses. IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) 1 is key to these signalling pathways. Here, we show that IRAK1 inhibition inhibits the TLR7 and TLR8-dependent pro-inflammatory response to HIV RNA. Using genetic and pharmacological inhibition, we demonstrate that inhibition of IRAK1 prevents IRAK1 phosphorylation and ubiquitination, and the subsequent recruitment of TRAF6 and the TAK1 complex to IRAK1, resulting in the inhibition of downstream signalling and the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine release.

Keyword(s): HIV , IRAK1 , microglia , pacritinib , TLR7 and TLR8
Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials Network
    • Principle Award Recipient: StephenA. Spector
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (Award R01NS104015)
    • Principle Award Recipient: StephenA. Spector
  • University of South Dakota
    • Principle Award Recipient: GrantR Campbell
  • National Institute of Mental Health (Award R01MH128021)
    • Principle Award Recipient: GrantR Campbell
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.
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2023-05-31
2024-12-07
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