1887

Journal of General Virology header logo

Volume 104, Issue 2

The health of influenza surveillance and pandemic preparedness in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic Open Access

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic is the first to have emerged when Next Generation Sequencing was readily available and it has played the major role in following evolution of the causative agent, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Response to the pandemic was greatly facilitated though use of existing influenza surveillance networks: World Health Organization (WHO) Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS), focussing largely on human influenza, and the OFFLU network of expertise on avian influenza established by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). Data collection/deposition platforms associated with these networks, notably WHO’s FluNet and the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) were/are being used intensely. Measures introduced to combat COVID-19 resulted in greatly decreased circulation of human seasonal influenza viruses for approximately 2 years, but circulation continued in the animal sector with an upsurge in the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype H5N1 with large numbers of wild bird deaths, culling of many poultry flocks and sporadic spill over into mammalian species, including humans, thereby increasing pandemic risk potential. While there are proposals/implementations to extend use of GISRS and GISAID to other infectious disease agents (e.g. Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Monkeypox), there is need to ensure that influenza surveillance is maintained and improved in both human and animal sectors in a sustainable manner to be truly prepared (early detection) for the next influenza pandemic.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
Keyword(s): Influenza , pandemic preparedness and sustainable surveillance
Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • Francis Crick Institute (Award FC001030)
    • Principle Award Recipient: NotApplicable
© 2023 rests with The Francis Crick Institute, London.
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. This article was made open access via a Publish and Read agreement between the Microbiology Society and the corresponding author’s institution.
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.001822
2023-02-17
2024-05-02
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/104/2/jgv001822.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.001822&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Pineo R. Four flu pandemics: lessons that need to be learned. J Dev Soc 2021; 37:398–448 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Kuchipudi SV, Nissly RH. Novel flu viruses in bats and cattle: “Pushing the Envelope” of influenza infection. Vet Sci 2018; 5:71 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Daniels RS, Tse H, Ermetal B, Xiang Z, Jackson DJ et al. Molecular characterization of influenza C viruses from outbreaks in Hong Kong SAR, China. J Virol 2020; 94:e01051-20 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Daniels RS, Galiano M, Ermetal B, Kwong J, Lau CS et al. Temporal and gene reassortment analysis of influenza C virus outbreaks in Hong Kong, SAR, China. J Virol 2022; 96:e0192821 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Ma W, Kahn RE, Richt JA. The pig as a mixing vessel for influenza viruses: human and veterinary implications. J Mol Genet Med 2008; 3:158–166 [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Nelson MI, Worobey M. Origins of the 1918 pandemic: revisiting the swine “Mixing Vessel” hypothesis. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:2498–2502 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Taubenberger JK, Kash JC, Morens DM. The 1918 influenza pandemic: 100 years of questions answered and unanswered. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:502 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Weingartl HM, Albrecht RA, Lager KM, Babiuk S, Marszal P et al. Experimental infection of pigs with the human 1918 pandemic influenza virus. J Virol 2009; 83:4287–4296 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Paget J, Spreeuwenberg P, Charu V, Taylor RJ, Iuliano AD et al. Global mortality associated with seasonal influenza epidemics: new burden estimates and predictors from the GLaMOR Project. J Glob Health 2019; 9:020421 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Edwards S. OFFLU network on avian influenza. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12:1287–1288 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Spackman E, Suarez DL. Type A influenza virus detection and quantitation by real-time RT-PCR. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 436:19–26 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Van Poelvoorde L, Vanneste K, De Keersmaecker SCJ, Thomas I, Van Goethem N et al. Whole-genome sequence approach and phylogenomic stratification improve the association analysis of mutations with patient data in influenza surveillance. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:809887 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Barba M, Czosnek H, Hadidi A. Historical perspective, development and applications of next-generation sequencing in plant virology. Viruses 2014; 6:106–136 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Machalaba C, Raufman J, Anyamba A, Berrian AM, Berthe FCJ et al. Applying a one health approach in Global Health and Medicine: enhancing involvement of medical schools and Global Health Centers. Ann Glob Health 2021; 87:30 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Brown IH, Harris PA, McCauley JW, Alexander DJ. Multiple genetic reassortment of avian and human influenza A viruses in European pigs, resulting in the emergence of an H1N2 virus of novel genotype. J Gen Virol 1998; 79:2947–2955 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Chepkwony S, Parys A, Vandoorn E, Stadejek W, Xie J et al. Genetic and antigenic evolution of H1 swine influenza A viruses isolated in Belgium and the Netherlands from 2014 through 2019. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11276 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Anderson TK, Chang J, Arendsee ZW, Venkatesh D, Souza CK et al. Swine influenza A viruses and the tangled relationship with humans. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:a038737 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Komadina N, McVernon J, Hall R, Leder K. A historical perspective of influenza A(H1N2) virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20:6–12 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Ball P. The lightning-fast quest for COVID vaccines - and what it means for other diseases. Nature 2021; 589:16–18 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Daniels RS, Harvey R, Ermetal B, Xiang Z, Galiano M et al. A Sanger sequencing protocol for SARS-CoV-2 S-gene. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2021; 15:707–710 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Wall EC, Wu M, Harvey R, Kelly G, Warchal S et al. Neutralising antibody activity against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs B.1.617.2 and B.1.351 by BNT162b2 vaccination. Lancet 2021; 397:2331–2333 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Wall EC, Wu M, Harvey R, Kelly G, Warchal S et al. AZD1222-induced neutralising antibody activity against SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC. Lancet 2021; 398:207–209 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Faulkner N, Ng KW, Wu MY, Harvey R, Margaritis M et al. Reduced antibody cross-reactivity following infection with B.1.1.7 than with parental SARS-CoV-2 strains. Elife 2021; 10:e69317 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Cui J, Li F, Shi ZL. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 17:181–192 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Berche P. The enigma of the 1889 Russian flu pandemic: a coronavirus?. Presse Med 2022; 51:104111 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Brüssow H, Brüssow L. Clinical evidence that the pandemic from 1889 to 1891 commonly called the Russian flu might have been an earlier coronavirus pandemic. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:1860–1870 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Dowdle WR. Influenza A virus recycling revisited. Bull World Health Organ 1999; 77:820–828 [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Morens DM, Taubenberger JK. Historical thoughts on influenza viral ecosystems, or behold a pale horse, dead dogs, failing fowl, and sick swine. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2010; 4:327–337 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Global consortium for H5N8 and related influenza viruses Role for migratory wild birds in the global spread of avian influenza H5N8. Science 2016; 354:213–217
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Blagodatski A, Trutneva K, Glazova O, Mityaeva O, Shevkova L et al. Avian influenza in wild birds and poultry: dissemination pathways, monitoring methods, and virus ecology. Pathogens 2021; 10:630 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  31. WHO/OIE/FAO H5N1 Evolution Working Group Continued evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1): updated nomenclature. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012; 6:1–5 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Caliendo V, Lewis NS, Pohlmann A, Baillie SR, Banyard AC et al. Transatlantic spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 by wild birds from Europe to North America in 2021. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11729 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Alkie TN, Lopes S, Hisanaga T, Xu W, Suderman M et al. A threat from both sides: multiple introductions of genetically distinct H5 HPAI viruses into Canada via both East Asia-Australasia/Pacific and Atlantic flyways. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac077 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Wille M, Barr IG. Resurgence of avian influenza virus. Science 2022; 376:459–460 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Caliendo V, Leijten L, van de Bildt M, Germeraad E, Fouchier RAM et al. Tropism of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses from the 2020/2021 epizootic in wild ducks and geese. Viruses 2022; 14:280 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Puranik A, Slomka MJ, Warren CJ, Thomas SS, Mahmood S et al. Transmission dynamics between infected waterfowl and terrestrial poultry: differences between the transmission and tropism of H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (clade 2.3.4.4a) among ducks, chickens and turkeys. Virology 2020; 541:113–123 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Pohlmann A, King J, Fusaro A, Zecchin B, Banyard AC et al. Has epizootic become enzootic? evidence for a fundamental change in the infection dynamics of highly pathogenic Avian influenza in Europe, 2021. mBio 2022; 13:e0060922 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Sparrow E, Wood JG, Chadwick C, Newall AT, Torvaldsen S et al. Global production capacity of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines in 2019. Vaccine 2021; 39:512–520 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Rockman S, Laurie KL, Parkes S, Wheatley A, Barr IG. New technologies for influenza vaccines. Microorganisms 2020; 8:11 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Dolgin E. mRNA flu shots move into trials. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:801–803 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Yau YC, Gastner MT. Mapping the inequality of the global distribution of seasonal influenza vaccine. Environ Plan A 2021; 53:1249–1252 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Palache A, Rockman S, Taylor B, Akcay M, Billington JK et al. Vaccine complacency and dose distribution inequities limit the benefits of seasonal influenza vaccination, despite a positive trend in use. Vaccine 2021; 39:6081–6087 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  43. World Health Organization/World Organisation for Animal Health/Food and Agriculture Organization H5N1 Evolution Working Group Revised and updated nomenclature for highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014; 8:384–388
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Lewis NS, Russell CA, Langat P, Anderson TK, Berger K et al. The global antigenic diversity of swine influenza A viruses. Elife 2016; 5:e12217 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Zhuang Q, Wang S, Liu S, Hou G, Li J et al. Diversity and distribution of type A influenza viruses: an updated panorama analysis based on protein sequences. Virol J 2019; 16:85 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Peiris JS, Guan Y, Markwell D, Ghose P, Webster RG et al. Cocirculation of avian H9N2 and contemporary “human” H3N2 influenza A viruses in pigs in southeastern China: potential for genetic reassortment?. J Virol 2001; 75:9679–9686 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Webby RJ, Webster RG. Emergence of influenza A viruses. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2001; 356:1817–1828 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Oliver I, Roberts J, Brown CS, Byrne AM, Mellon D et al. A case of avian influenza A(H5N1) in England, January 2022. Euro Surveill 2022; 27:2200061 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med 2020; 26:450–452 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.001822
Loading
The health of influenza surveillance and pandemic preparedness in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic
J. Gen. Virol. 104, 001822 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001822
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.001822
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.001822
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Most cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error