Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in faeces and serum: evidence against independently evolving subpopulations.

References

1. Barnett S. W., Barboza A., Wilcox C. M., Forsmark C. E., Levy J. A. 1991; Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains recovered from the bowel of infected individuals. Virology 182:802–809
   [Google Scholar]
2. Chiodi F., Valentin A., Keys B., Schwartz S., Asjö B., Fenyö E.-M. 1989; Biological characterization of paired human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Virology 173:178–187
   [Google Scholar]
3. Delwart E. L., Shpaer E. G., Louwagie J., McCutchan F. E., Grez M., Rübsamen-Waigmann H., Mullins J. I. 1993; Genetic relationships determined by a heteroduplex mobility assay: analysis of HIV-1 env genes. Science 262:1257–1261
   [Google Scholar]
4. Epstein L. G., Kuiken C., Blumberg B. M., Hartman S., Sharer L. R., Clement M., Goudsmit J. 1991; HIV-1 V3 domain variation in brain and spleen of children with AIDS: tissue-specific evolution within host- determined quasispecies. Virology 180:583–590
   [Google Scholar]
5. Hughes E. S., Bell J. E., Simmonds P. 1997; Investigation of the dynamics of the spread of human immunodeficiency virus to brain and other tissues by evolutionary analysis of sequences from the p17 ^gag and env genes. Journal of Virology 71:1272–1280
   [Google Scholar]
6. Itescu S., Simonelli P. F., Winchester R. J., Ginsberg H. S. 1994; Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains in the lungs of infected individuals evolve independently from those in peripheral blood and are highly conserved in the C-terminal region of the envelope V3 region. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 91:11378–11382
   [Google Scholar]
7. Keys B., Karis J., Fadeel B., Valentin A., Norkrans G., Hagberg L., Chiodi F. 1993; V3 sequences of paired HIV-1 isolates from brain and cerebrospinal fluid cluster according to host and show variation related to the clinical stage of disease. Virology 196:475–483
   [Google Scholar]
8. Korber B. T. M., Kunstman K. J., Patterson B. K., Furtado M., McEvilly M. M., Levy R., Wolinsky S. M. 1994; Genetic differences between blood- and brain-derived viral sequences from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients : evidence of conserved elements in the V3 region of the envelope protein of brain-derived sequences. Journal of Virology 68:7467–7481
   [Google Scholar]
9. Kuiken C. L., Goudsmit J., Weiller G. F., Armstrong J. S., Hartman S., Portegies P., Dekker J., Cornelissen M. 1995; Differences in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 V3 sequences from patients with and without AIDS dementia complex. Journal of General Virology 76:175–180
   [Google Scholar]
10. Kumar S., Tamura K., Wei M. 1993; Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA), version 1.0.Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park:
    [Google Scholar]
11. Lukashov V. V., Kuiken C. L., Vlahov D., Coutinho R. A., Goudsmit J. 1996; Evidence for HIV type 1 strains of U.S. intravenous drug users as founders ofAIDS epidemic among intravenous drug users in Northern Europe. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 12:1179–1183
    [Google Scholar]
12. Overbaugh J., Anderson R. J., Ndinya-Acola J. O., Kreiss J. K. 1996; Distinct but related human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variant populations in genital secretions and blood. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 12:107–115
    [Google Scholar]
13. van der Hoek L., Sol C. J. A., Snijders F., Bartelsman J. F. W., Boom R., Goudsmit J. 1996; Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA populations in faeces with higher homology to intestinal populations than to blood populations. Journal of General Virology 77:2415–2425
    [Google Scholar]
14. van der Hoek L., Sol C. J. A., Maas J., Lukashov V. V., Kuiken C. L., Goudsmit J. 1998; Genetic differences between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subpopulations in faeces and serum. Journal of General Virology 79:259–267
    [Google Scholar]
15. van Haastrecht H. J. A., van den Hoek J. A. R., Mientjes G. H., Coutinho R. A. 1992; Did the introduction of HIV among homosexual men precede the introduction of HIV among injecting drug users in The Netherlands?. AIDS 6:131–132
    [Google Scholar]
16. Wong J. K., Ignacio C. C., Torriani F., Havlir D., Fitch N. S. J., Richman D. D. 1997; In vivo compartmentalization of human immunodeficiency virus : evidence from the examination of pol sequences from autopsy tissues. Journal of Virology 71:2059–2071
    [Google Scholar]
17. Zhu T., Wang N., Carr A., Nam D. S., Moor-Jankowski R., Cooper D. A., Ho D. D. 1996; Genetic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus in blood and genital secretions : evidence for viral compartmentalization and selection during sexual transmission. Journal of Virology 70:3098–3107
    [Google Scholar]