1887

Abstract

Transcription of the HBV 2·1 kb RNAs is regulated by the major surface antigen promoter. Previously, transient transfection analysis identified regulatory sequence elements in this promoter located between 189 and 1 which govern the level of transcription from this promoter and appear to bind only ubiquitous transcription factors including NF1, Sp1 and NF-Y. However, transcription analysis in transgenic mice has demonstrated that the expression of the HBV 2·1 kb RNAs is largely restricted to hepatocytes. In this study, the presence of a functional HNF3 transcription factor binding site located between 231 and 240 in the major surface antigen promoter suggests that the liver-restricted expression of the 2·1 kb RNAs may be governed by this liver-enriched transcription factor. The identification of a functional HNF3 binding site upstream of the DNA polymerase open reading frame also supports the contention that transient transfection analysis may fail to detect all of the -acting regulatory sequence elements involved in modulating the level of transcription from the viral promoters.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-78-11-3029
1997-11-01
2024-11-11
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/78/11/9367390.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-78-11-3029&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Araki K., Miyazaki J., Hino O., Tomita N., Chisaka O., Matsubara K., Yamamura K. 1989; Expression and replication of hepatitis B virus genome in transgenic mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 86:207–211
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Bock C.-T., Schranz P., Schröder C. H., Zentgraf H. 1994; Hepatitis B virus genome is organized into nucleosomes in the nucleus of the infected cell. Virus Genes 8:215–229
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Briggs M. R., Kadonaga J. T., Bell S. P., Tjian R. 1986; Purification and biochemical characterization of the promoter-specific transcription factor, SP1. Science 234:47–52
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Clark K. L., Halay E. D., Lai E., Burley S. K. 1993; Co-crystal structure of the HNF-3/fork head DNA-recognition motif resembles histone H5. Nature 364:412–420
    [Google Scholar]
  5. De Wet J. R., Wood K. V., DeLuca M., Helinski D. R., subramani S. 1987; Firefly luciferase gene: structure and expression in mammalian cells. Molecular and Cellular Biology 7:725–737
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Dignam J. D., Lebovitz R. M., Roeder R. G. 1983; Accurate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in a soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei. Nucleic Acids Research 11:1475–1489
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Dikstein R., Faktor O., Shaul Y. 1990; Hierarchic and cooperative binding of the rat liver nuclear protein C/EBP at the hepatitis B virus enhancer. Molecular and Cellular Biology 10:4427–4430
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Farza H., Hadchouel M., Scotto J., Tiollais P., Babinet C., Pourcel C. 1988; Replication and gene expression of hepatitis B virus in a transgenic mouse that contains the complete viral genome. Journal of Virology 62:4144–4152
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Galibert F., Mandart E., Fitoussi F., Tiollais P., Charnay P. 1979; Nucleotide sequence of the hepatitis B virus genome (subtype ayw) cloned in E. coli. Nature 281:646–650
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Garcia A. D., Ostapchuk P., Hearing P. 1993; Functional interaction of nuclear factors EF-C, HNF-4, and RXRa with hepatitis B virus enhancer I. Journal of Virology 67:3940–3950
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Graham F. L., Van der Eb A. J. 1973; A new technique for the assay of infectivity of human adenovirus 5 DNA. Virology 52:456–467
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Guidotti L. G., Matzke B., Schaller H., Chisari F. V. 1995; Highlevel hepatitis B virus replication in transgenic mice. Journal of Virology 69:6158–6169
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Guo W., Chen M., Yen T. S. B., Ou J.-H. 1993; Hepatocyte-specific expression of the hepatitis B virus core promoter depends on both positive and negative regulation. Molecular and Cellular Biology 13:443–448
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Huan B., Kosovsky M. J., Siddiqui A. 1995; Retinoid X receptor α transactivates the hepatitis B virus enhancer 1 element by forming a heterodimeric complex with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. Journal of Virology 69:547–551
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Johnson J. L., Raney A. K., McLachlan A. 1995; Characterization of a functional hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 binding site in the hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid promoter. Virology 208:147–158
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Kaestner K. K., Bleckmann S. C., Monaghan A. P., Schlöndorff J., Mincheva A., Lichter P., Schütz G. 1996; Clustered arrangement of winged helix genes fkh-6 and MFH-1: possible implications for mesoderm development. Development 122:1751–1758
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Kaufmann E., Müller D., Knöchel W. 1995; DNA recognition site analysis of Xenopus winged helix proteins. Journal of Molecular Biology 248:239–254
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Kosovsky M. J., Huan B. F., Siddiqui A. 1996; Purification and properties of rat liver nuclear proteins that interact with the hepatitis B virus enhancer 1. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271:21859–21869
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Lai E., Prezioso V. R., Smith E., Litvin O., Costa R. H., Darnell J. E.Jr 1990; HNF-3A, a hepatocyte-enriched transcription factor of novel structure is regulated transcriptionally. Genes and Development 4:1427–1436
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Lai E., Prezioso V. R., Tao W., Chen W. S., Darnell J. E.Jr 1991; Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3a belongs to a gene family in mammals that is homologous to the Drosophila homeotic gene fork head. Genes & Development 5:416–427
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Lai E., Clark K. L., Burley S. K., Darnell J. E.Jr 1993; Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3/fork head or ‘winged helix’ proteins: a family of transcription factors of diverse biologic function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 90:10421–10423
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Liu J.-K., DiPersio C. M., Zaret K. S. 1991; Extracellular signals that regulate liver transcription factors during hepatic differentiation in vitro. Molecular and Cellular Biology 11:773–784
    [Google Scholar]
  23. López-Cabrera M., Letovsky J., Hu K.-Q., Siddiqui A. 1991; Transcriptional factor C/EBP binds to and transactivates the enhancer element II of the hepatitis B virus. Virology 183:825–829
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Lu C. C., Yen T. S. B. 1996; Activation of the hepatitis B virus S promoter by transcription factor NF-Y via a CCAAT element. Virology 225:387–394
    [Google Scholar]
  25. McPherson C. E., Shim E. Y., Friedman D. S., Zaret K. S. 1993; An active tissue-specific enhancer and bound transcription factors existing in a precisely positioned nucleosomal array. Cell 75:387–398
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Miura N., Wanaka A., Tohyama M., Tanaka K. 1993; MFH-1, a new member of the fork head domain family, is expressed in developing mesenchyme. FEBS Letters 326:171–176
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Nakabayashi H., Taketa K., Miyano K., Yamane T., Sato J. 1982; Growth of human hepatoma cell lines with differentiated functions in chemically defined medium. Cancer Research 42:3858–3863
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Newbold J. E., Xin H., Tencza M., Sherman G., Dean J., Bowden S., Locarnini S. 1995; The covalently closed duplex form of the hepadnavirus genome exists in situ as a heterogeneous population of viral minichromosomes. Journal of Virology 69:3350–3357
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Ori A., Shaul Y. 1995; Hepatitis B virus enhancer binds and is activated by the hepatocyte nuclear factor 3. Virology 207:98–106
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Overdier D. G., Ye H. G., Peterson R. S., Clevidence D. E., Costa R. H. 1997; The winged helix transcriptional activator HFH-3 is expressed in the distal tubules of embryonic and adult mouse kidney. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272:13725–13730
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Pani L., Overdier D. G., Porcella A., Qian X., Lai E., Costa R. H. 1992; Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3β contains two transcriptional activation domains, one of which is novel and conserved with the Drosophila forked head protein. Molecular and Cellular Biology 12:3723–3732
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Pei D., Shih C. 1990; Transcriptional activation and repression by cellular DNA-binding protein C/EBP. Journal of Virology 64:1517–1522
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Peterson R. S., Clevidence D. E., Ye H. G., Costa R. H. 1997; Hepatocyte nuclear factor-3a promoter regulation involves recognition by cell-specific factors thyroid transcription factor-1, and autoactivation. Cell Growth and Differentiation 8:69–82
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Raney A. K., Milich D. R., McLachlan A. 1989; Characterization of hepatitis B virus major surface antigen gene transcriptional regulatory elements in differentiated hepatoma cell lines. Journal of Virology 63:3919–3925
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Raney A. K., Milich D. R., Easton A. J., McLachlan A. 1990; Differentiation specific transcriptional regulation of the hepatitis B virus large surface antigen gene in human hepatoma cell lines. Journal of Virology 64:2360–2368
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Raney A. K., Easton A. J., Milich D. R., McLachlan A. 1991a; Promoter-specific transactivation of hepatitis B virus transcription by a glutamine- and proline-rich domain of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1. Journal of Virology 65:5774–5781
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Raney A. K., Milich D. R., McLachlan A. 1991b; Complex regulation of transcription from the hepatitis B virus major surface antigen promoter in human hepatoma cell lines. Journal of Virology 65:4805–4811
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Raney A. K., Le H. B., McLachlan A. 1992; Regulation of transcription from the hepatitis B virus major surface antigen promoter by the Sp1 transcription factor. Journal of Virology 66:6912–6921
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Raney A. K., Easton A. J., McLachlan A. 1994; Characterization of the minimal elements of the hepatitis B virus large surface antigen promoter. Journal of General Virology 75:2671–2679
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Raney A. K., Zhang P., McLachlan A. 1995; Regulation of transcription from the hepatitis B virus large surface antigen promoter by hepatocyte nuclear factor 3. Journal of Virology 69:3265–3272
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Raney A. K., Johnson J. L., Palmer C. N. A., McLachlan A. 1997; Members of the nuclear receptor superfamily regulate transcription from the hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid promoter. Journal of Virology 71:1058–1071
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Roux J., Pictet R., Grange T. 1995; Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 determines the amplitude of the glucocorticoid response of the rat tyrosine aminotransferase gene. DNA and Cell Biology 14:385–396
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Ruiz-Opazo N., Chakraborty P. R., Shafritz D. A. 1982; Evidence for supercoiled hepatitis B virus DNA in chimpanzee liver and serum Dane particles: possible implications in persistent HBV infection. Cell 29:129–138
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Sambrook J., Fritsch E. F., Maniatis T. 1989 Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory;
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Sanger F., Nicklen S., Coulson A. R. 1977; DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 74:5463–5467
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Shaul Y., Ben Levy R., De Medina T. 1986; High affinity binding site for nuclear factor I next to the hepatitis B virus S gene promoter. EMBO Journal 5:1967–1971
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Sladek F. M., Zhong W., Lai E., Darnell J. E.Jr 1990; Liver- enriched transcription factor HNF-4 is a novel member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily. Genes & Development 4:2353–2365
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Smith D. B., Johnson K. S. 1988; Single -step purification of polypeptides expressed in Escherichia coli as fusions with glutathione S- transferase. Gene 67:31–40
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Sorge J., Wright D., Erdman V. D., Cutting A. E. 1984; Amphotropic retrovirus vector system for human cell gene transfer. Molecular and Cellular Biology 4:1730–1737
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Yen T. S. B. 1993; Regulat ion of hepatitis B virus gene expression. Seminars in Virology 4:33–42
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Yuh C.-H., Ting L.-P. 1991; C/EBP-like proteins binding to the functional box-α and box-β of the second enhancer of hepatitis B virus. Molecular and Cellular Biology 11:5044–5052
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Zhang P., Raney A. K., McLachlan A. 1993; Characterization of functional Sp1 transcription factor binding sites in the hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid promoter. Journal of Virology 67:1472–1481
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Zhou D.-X., Yen T. S. B. 1991; The ubiquitous transcription factor Oct-1 and the liver-specific factor HNF-1 are both required to activate transcription of a hepatitis B virus promoter. Molecular and Cellular Biology 11:1353–1359
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-78-11-3029
Loading
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-78-11-3029
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error