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Volume 7, Issue 12

Alterations in chromosomal genes , , and are associated with nitrofurantoin resistance in from the United Kingdom Open Access

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance in enteric or urinary is a risk factor for invasive infections. Due to widespread trimethoprim resistance amongst urinary and increased bacteraemia incidence, a national recommendation to prescribe nitrofurantoin for uncomplicated urinary tract infection was made in 2014. Nitrofurantoin resistance is reported in <6% urinary isolates in the UK, however, mechanisms underpinning nitrofurantoin resistance in these isolates remain unknown. This study aimed to identify the genetic basis of nitrofurantoin resistance in urinary isolates collected from north west London and then elucidate resistance-associated genetic alterations in available UK genomes. As a result, an algorithm was developed to predict nitrofurantoin susceptibility. Deleterious mutations and gene-inactivating insertion sequences in chromosomal nitroreductase genes and/or were identified in genomes of nine confirmed nitrofurantoin-resistant urinary isolates and additional 11 isolates that were highlighted by the prediction algorithm and subsequently validated to be nitrofurantoin-resistant. Eight categories of allelic changes in , , and the associated gene were detected in 12412 genomes from the UK. Evolutionary analysis of these three genes revealed homoplasic mutations and explained the previously reported order of stepwise mutations. The mobile gene complex , which is associated with reduced nitrofurantoin susceptibility, was identified in only one of the 12412 genomes. In conclusion, mutations and insertion sequences in and were leading causes of nitrofurantoin resistance in UK . As nitrofurantoin exposure increases in human populations, the prevalence of nitrofurantoin resistance in carriage isolates and those from urinary and bloodstream infections should be monitored.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
Keyword(s): antimicrobial resistance , chromosomal mutations , Escherichia coli , Nitrofurantoin , Predicting resistance and resistance mechanisms
Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • Medical Research Council (Award MR/T016434/1)
    • Principle Award Recipient: NicholasJ. Croucher
  • Wellcome Trust (Award 104169/Z/14/A)
    • Principle Award Recipient: NicholasJ. Croucher
  • Rosetrees Trust (Award M683)
    • Principle Award Recipient: ElitaJauneikaite
  • National Institute for Health Research (Award HPRU-2012-10047)
    • Principle Award Recipient: NotApplicable
© 2021 The Authors
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. This article was made open access via a Publish and Read agreement between the Microbiology Society and the corresponding author’s institution.
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Alterations in chromosomal genes nfsA, nfsB, and ribE are associated with nitrofurantoin resistance in Escherichia coli from the United Kingdom
M Gen 7, 000702 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.000702
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