Version 2: Deciphering the interaction surface between the West Nile virus NS3 and NS5 proteins

West Nile virus (WNV) is the most prevalent mosquito-borne disease and the leading cause of viral encephalitis in the continental United States. It belongs to the Flavivirus family which includes other important human pathogens such as dengue virus (DENV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and Zika viruses (ZIKV). Despite several decades of research, no specific antiviral drugs are available to treat Flavivirus infections. The present study characterizes the interaction between the WNV NS3 and NS5 proteins for the purpose of identifying hotspots in the protein-protein interaction which could be targeted for the development of antiviral therapeutics. We previously developed an interaction model in silico based on data available in the literature. Here, potential interacting residues on NS3 and NS5 were mutated in a WNV replicon, and seven mutations in the NS3 protein were found to drastically reduce viral replication. In addition to being well conserved among mosquito-borne Flaviviruses, these residues are located on the protein’s surface in two clusters which might be interesting new targets for future drug development.