- Volume 18, Issue 1, 1958
Volume 18, Issue 1, 1958
- Article
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The Effect of Inorganic Ions on Respiration in Pasteurella tularensis and Escherichia coli
More LessSUMMARY: The effect of the ionic composition of the medium on the respiration of resting-cell suspensions of two Gram-negative micro-organisms has been investigated. Potassium or rubidium salts with Cl−, Br− or I− as anion were found to be necessary for the maximal rates of oxidation of glutamate or glucose by Pasteurella tularensis, and KC1 or K2S04 by Escherichia coli. The pH value of the medium and the concentration of the substrate influenced the effect of the electrolytes. Under certain conditions, a synergistic effect of Na+ ion was observed. The same ion mixtures which supported the respiration caused the maximal swelling of the bacterial cells.
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The Unilinear Transmission of Motility and its Material Basis in Salmonella
More LessSUMMARY: Certain sub-lines of a strain of Salmonella paratyphi C contain 10 % or more of motile flagellated bacteria when in exponential growth at 37°. Less than 0-1% of the organisms are motile after prolonged exponential growth at 20°. Single motile organisms isolated from cultures grown at 37° transmitted motility to only one or a few of their descendants during growth at 20°; they behaved as if their motility were due to non-multiplying motility-conferring (MC) particles. There is a good correlation between the distributions of number of MC particles/motile bacterium as indicated by the numbers of motile descendants at 20°, and the distributions of number of flagella/flagellated bacterium in stained preparations. It is inferred that one MC particle corresponds to one flagellum. The results support the hypotheses that in some cases flagella arise as a consequence of discontinuous intracellular events, each of which leads to the synthesis of a small number of flagella, and that parental flagella are shared amongst progeny bacteria until no descendant has more than one flagellum derived from a parental cell several generations removed. This sharing is not detected unless synthesis of new flagella ceases whilst bacterial growth continues. Single flagella may be unilinearly transmitted for over 20 generations.
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Teepol in Substitution for Bile Salts
More LessSUMMARY: When any grade of Teepol, other than Teepol 530, Teepol L or Teepol (without suffix), is used in culture media, the authors recommend that it should first be tested for suitability.
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Preliminary Studies on the Inoculation of Selected Micro-Organisms into Partially-Sterilized Soils
More LessSUMMARY: Samples of Rothamsted and Woburn soil were either partially sterilized, totally sterilized or untreated. Representative samples of each treatment were inoculated with a pure culture of Nocardia cellulans and other samples, uninoculated, were kept as controls. The change in numbers of nocardias/g. soil was followed at intervals for one year. In partially-sterilized soil wide fluctuations occurred during the first month, followed by a steadying in count, and at the end of the year N, cellulans was still present in high numbers. The numbers of bacteria in such a soil were depressed in comparison with the uninoculated control. N. cellulans disappeared from an untreated soil in 6 months. The wide fluctuations in numbers in partially sterilized soil were correlated with a regular cyclical morphological development of N. cellulans. This was demonstrated by morphological observations and a soilshaking method. Peak counts corresponded to the rod form and troughs to the mycelial form and the steadying in count to the rod form.
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An Investigation of Fungistasis in Nigerian Soils
More LessSUMMARY: The presence of a fungistatic factor in Nigerian soils was demonstrated by the use of a technique in which disks of agar were placed on filter-paper in contact with moist unsterile soil and inoculated with fungal spores. After incubation the disks were examined and the percentage of germinated spores recorded. Inhibition of spore germination was not caused by autoclaved soil, nor when 0·5 % (w/v) glucose was present in the agar. The presence or absence and the type of vegetation had little effect on the fungistatic power of the soil. In two profiles examined, the property of fungistasis was confined, approximately, to the upper 40 cm. of the soil. Of nineteen species of fungi tested by the agar disk method, the germination of eleven was significantly inhibited, of seven unaffected and of one stimulated. The data obtained suggest that the phenomenon described in Nigerian soils is similar to that reported from other parts of the world.
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Criteria for the Growth of Contaminants and Mutants in Continuous Culture
More LessSUMMARY: Criteria are given for the establishment of growth of contaminants and mutants in continuous cultures of the Monod type. These explain, in particular, why contaminants so rarely interfere with the operation of such cultures.
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Two New Species of Yeasts from New Zealand
More LessSUMMARY: A new species of Candida was isolated from sphagnum litter overlying a peat bog. It was non-fermenting and assimilated glucose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, galactose and potassium nitrate. The proposed name is Candida muscorum. A new Rhodotorula species, which it is proposed to name R. graminis, was isolated from the leaves of pasture grasses. Cultures on solid media were reddish pink and fluid in consistency. Glucose, sucrose, galactose and potassium nitrate were assimilated.
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Nutrition of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from the Rumen
More LessSUMMARY: One hundred and seventeen strains of lactic acid bacteria from the rumen, representing four species of lactobacilli and four of streptococci, were examined for their requirements for vitamins. Of the lactobacilli only Lactobacillus plantarum (7 strains) was homogeneous in respect of its vitamin requirements. Within each of the other three species, strains differed in their requirements for individual vitamins, but on the whole the patterns of requirement were distinctive, and could be correlated with other specific characters. The vitamin requirements of three of the species (L. casei, L. plantarum and L. acidophilus) were broadly similar to those reported in a variety of non-rumen strains. Most of the rumen strains of L. fermenti required vitamin B6 and riboflavin, in addition to the requirement for nicotinic acid, thiamine and pantothenic acid variously reported as typical of the species. Streptococcus faecalis and S. liquefaciens had distinctive patterns of vitamin requirements as did the unclassified group. The remaining species, S. boms, had no requirement for exogenous vitamins under the anaerobic test conditions used. Under conditions of aerobic culture, however, strains of this species were found to require one or more vitamins for growth.
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The Precipitating Antigen of Streptococcus pyogenes Type 4
More LessSUMMARY: The antigen found in acid extracts of some type-4 Group-A streptococci which is responsible for precipitation with specific antisera is resistant to digestion with trypsin and pepsin when in the cell. It becomes sensitive to these enzymes after extraction with boiling HC1. It is not an M antigen but resembles a T antigen although it is more heat-stable at low pH values than the T antigen of most other types.
Another precipitating antigen, common in freshly isolated type-4 strains but not restricted to them, is described and referred to as ‘B’ . Its role as a blocking agent in inhibiting the formation of M antibody is discussed.
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