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Volume 135,
Issue 9,
1989
Volume 135, Issue 9, 1989
- Physiology And Growth
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Sporulation of Several Species of Streptomyces in Submerged Cultures after Nutritional Downshift
More LessStreptomyces griseus ATCC 10137, S. griseus IMRU 3570, S. griseus JI 2212, S. acrimycini JI2236 and S. albus G speculated abundantly in several liquid media after nutritional downshift. Spores formed in submerged cultures were viable and as thermoresistant as aerial spores. Scanning electron microscopy showed that submerged spores are morphologically similar to aerial spores. The sporulation of the Streptomyces strains tested in complex medium appeared to be triggered by phosphate nutritional downshift, induced by addition of Ca2+ to the medium. Spore-shaped bodies were formed by S. lividans JI 1326 and S. coelicolor JI 2280 when grown in complex medium supplemented with Ca2+ and proline. The thermoresistance of these spore-shaped bodies differed from that of aerial spores.
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Thermotolerance and the Heat-shock Response in Candida albicans
More LessAt elevated temperatures, yeast cells of Candida albicans. synthesized nine heat-shock proteins (HSPs) with apparent molecular masses of 98, 85, 81, 76, 72, 54, 34, 26 and 18 kDa. The optimum temperature for the heat-shock response was 45C although HSPs were detected throughout the range 41–46 °C. Protein synthesis was not observed in cells kept at 48 °C. Yeast cells survived exposure to an otherwise lethal temperature of 55C when they had previously been exposed to 45 °C. The thermotolerance induced during incubation at 45 °C required protein synthesis, since protection was markedly reduced by trichodermin. Mercury ions induced a set of three stress proteins, one of which corresponded in size to an HSP, and cadmium ions evoked one stress protein seemingly unrelated to the HSPs observed after temperature shift.
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Chemotropism and Branching as Alternative Responses of Achlya bisexualis to Amino Acids
More LessHyphae of Achlya bisexualis growing on lean media orient their extension towards a source of amino acids, and also put forth branches. Micropipettes were used to generate gradients of amino acids in the vicinity of individual hyphae. Phenylalanine and methionine were the most powerful attractants: 0·4 mm amino acid in the pipette produced reorientation, and higher concentrations made the hyphae curl around the pipette and grow into its tip. Hyphae detected gradients as low as 5% across their width. Methionine and phenylalanine appeared to bind to different receptors. Local application of these amino acids also elicited the emergence of single branches, next to the pipette and on the high side of the gradient; comparison of diverse amino acids and their analogues suggested that branching and chemotropism share common receptors. By contrast, cytochalasin A and various ionophores induced branches at random sites, without receptor involvement. We propose that binding of amino acids to their receptors determines the site of precursor vesicle exocytosis, and consider possible mechanisms.
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- Systematics
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The Phylogeny of Amycolata autotrophica, Kibdelosporangium aridum and Saccharothrix australiensis
More LessThe phylogenetic relationships of Kibdelosporangium aridum and Saccharothrix australiensis were examined using reverse transcriptase sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA. The sequences were aligned with other actinomycete sequences and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. K. aridum ATCC 39323 and S. australiensis ATCC 31947 formed distinct sublines within the family Pseudonocardiaceae. Their status as distinct genera was supported by the results of DNA: DNA pairing experiments. The inclusion of K. aridum and S. australiensis and two unpublished Amycolata spp. sequences in the rRNA analysis resulted in Amycolata autotrophica joining the family Pseudonocardiaceae. In previous studies, this strain had formed an isolated line of descent. It is proposed that the genera Amycolata and Kibdelosporangium be classified in the family Pseudonocardiaceae. Further work is needed to confirm the phylogeny of S. australiensis. Chemotaxonomic analyses of lipids and cell walls from S. australiensis support these findings and confirm previous work.
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Eubacterium tucumanense sp. nov.: an Anaerobic Gram-positive Non-sporeformer Isolated from an Anaerobic Digester
More LessAn anaerobic bacterium, strain ED3, able to grow on a wide variety of substrates has been isolated from the contents of an anaerobic digester. Cells were non-motile, rod shaped and presented a Gram-positive envelope. Ethanol, methanol, hydrogen plus carbon dioxide, pentoses and a variety of carbohydrates were utilized for growth. Strain ED3 grew best at 37 °C and at pH 6·8–7·5. The mol% G + C of the DNA was 44·0 (T m). Strain ED3 was named Eubacterium tucumanense sp. nov. and is the type strain (ATCC 49281) for this species.
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