1887

Abstract

Flavomycin is a phosphoglycolipid antibiotic that promotes growth in ruminants. The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of flavomycin on ruminal micro-organisms and their metabolic consequences. In sheep receiving a mixed grass hay/concentrate diet, inclusion of 20 mg flavomycin day decreased ruminal ammonia and total volatile fatty acid concentrations (<0·001), but the acetate : propionate ratio was unchanged. Ruminal pH tended to be lower with flavomycin, and ammonia-production rates of ruminal digesta from control animals measured tended to be inhibited by flavomycin. Pure-culture studies indicated that anaerobic fungi, protozoa and most bacterial species were insensitive to flavomycin. was the most sensitive species tested, along with some high-activity ammonia-producing (HAP) species. Effects on were inconsistent due to large inter-animal variation. HAP numbers appeared to be decreased. Changes in the rumen bacterial-community structure were assessed by using denaturing-gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of rumen digesta 16S rRNA. DGGE profiles differed from animal to animal, but remained consistent from day to day. The community structure changed when flavomycin was introduced. The roles of and HAP species in ammonia formation and of in the invasion of wall tissue are consistent with the observed effects of flavomycin on ruminal ammonia formation and, in other studies, on decreasing tissue-turnover rates.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.27602-0
2005-03-01
2024-12-07
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/micro/151/3/mic1510717.html?itemId=/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.27602-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Ahrens F. 1987; The effect of flavomycin on rumen physiological and caecal parameters and on milk output and milk constituents in cows: final report. IS Research Society for Experimental Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Alert H. J., Meier H., Poppe S. 1991 Studies on digestion physiology after use of flavomycin in the fattening of young beef bulls: trial reportTrial report University of Rostock; Germany:
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Alexander M. 1982; Most probable number method for microbial populations. In Methods of Soil Analysis Part 2 pp 815–820 Agronomy Monograph no 9, 2nd edn. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy;
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Anderson D. B., McCracken V. J., Aminov R. I., Simpson J. M., Mackie R. I., Verstegen M. W. A., Gaskins H. R. 2000; Gut microbiology and growth-promoting antibiotics in swine. Nutr Abstr Rev 70:101–108
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Attwood G. T., Klieve A. V., Ouwerkerk D., Patel B. K. C. 1998; Ammonia-hyperproducing bacteria from New Zealand ruminants. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:1796–1804
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Bailey G. D., Love D. N. 1993; Fusobacterium pseudonecrophorum is a synonym for Fusobacterium varium. Int J Syst Bacteriol 43:819–821 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bauer F., Dost G. 1971; Flavomycin, the first antibiotic intended exclusively as a food supplement. In The Blue Book for the Veterinary Profession vol 21 pp 87–92
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Bedo S., Bodis L., Ravasz T., Kovacs G. 1984; Effect of growth promoters on the metabolism of young lambs. Allattenyesztes Takarmanyozas 33:139–148
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Cafantaris B. 1981 The effect of antibiotic supplements on microbial fermentation in the ruminal fluid in vitro PhD thesis University of Hohenheim; Germany:
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Dehority B. A., Tirabasso P. A., Grifo A. P. Jr 1989; Most-probable-number procedures for enumerating ruminal bacteria, including the simultaneous estimation of total and cellulolytic numbers in one medium. Appl Environ Microbiol 55:2789–2792
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Edwards J. E. 2003 Characterisation of the effect of flavomycin on the rumen microflora PhD thesis University of Aberdeen, UK;
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Edwards J. E., Wallace R. J., McEwan N. R. 2002; The growth promoting mode of action of flavomycin in ruminants. Reprod Nutr Dev 42 (Suppl. 1:S55 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Edwards J. E., McEwan N. R., Travis A. J., Wallace R. J. 2004; 16S rDNA library-based analysis of ruminal bacterial diversity. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 86:263–281 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Edwards J. E., Bequette B. J., McKain N., McEwan N. R., Wallace R. J. 2005; Influence of flavomycin on microbial numbers, microbial metabolism and gut tissue protein turnover in the digestive tract of sheep. Br J Nutr in press
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Eschenlauer S. C. P., McKain N., Walker N. D., McEwan N. R., Newbold C. J., Wallace R. J. 2002; Ammonia production by ruminal microorganisms and enumeration, isolation, and characterization of bacteria capable of growth on peptides and amino acids from the sheep rumen. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:4925–4931 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Febel H., Szelenyi M., Jecsai J., Juhasz B. 1988; Effect of salinomycin, flavomycin and avoparcin on some physiological traits of growing lambs, with particular respect to rumen fermentation. Acta Vet Hung 36:69–80
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Felsenstein F. 2002 phylip (Phylogeny Inference Package) version 3.6a Seattle: University of Washington;
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Galbraith H., Scaife J. R., Lowe R. H. 1983; Response of growing bulls to the food additives, salinomycin and flavomycin. Anim Prod 36:527–528
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Hamann J. 1983; Flavomycin treatment in dairy cows - results from a field study. Tierarztl Umsch 38:90–98
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Hobson P. N. 1969; Rumen bacteria. In Methods in Microbiology vol 3B pp 133–149 Edited by Norris J. R., Ribbons D. W. London: Academic Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Hochella N. J., Weinhouse S. 1965; Automated lactic acid determination in serum and tissue extracts. Anal Biochem 10:304–317 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Huber G. 1979; Moenomycin and related phosphorus-containing antibiotics. In Mechanisms of Action of Antibacterial Agents (Antibiotics) vol. 5 part 1 pp 135–153 Edited by Hahn F. E. New York: Springer;
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Kanoe M., Iwaki K. 1987; Adherence of Fusobacterium necrophorum to bovine ruminal cells. J Med Microbiol 23:69–73 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Langworth B. F. 1977; Fusobacterium necrophorum: its characteristics and role as an animal pathogen. Bacteriol Rev 41:373–390
    [Google Scholar]
  25. MacRae J. C., Bruce L. A., Yu F. 1999; The effect of Flavomycin on gastrointestinal leucine metabolism and liveweight gain in lambs. S Afr J Anim Sci 29:243–244
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Masoero F., Prandini A., Fiorentini L. 1991 Flavomycin/physiology trial in dairy cattle in vitro. Report of first trial phase in vitro with RUSITEC Catholic University of Sacro Cuore; Italy:
    [Google Scholar]
  27. McKain N., Edwards J. E., Wallace R. J., Edwards S., Bruce L., Bequette B. J., MacRae J. C. 2000; Effects of flavomycin in the gastrointestinal tract of sheep. Reprod Nutr Dev 40:222
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Murray P. J., Rowe J. B., Aitchison E. M. 1990; The influence of protein quality on the effect of flavomycin on wool growth, liveweight change and rumen fermentation in sheep. Austr J Agric Res 41:987–993 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Murray P. J., Winslow S. G., Rowe J. B. 1992; Conditions under which flavomycin increases wool growth and liveweight gain in sheep. Austr J Agric Res 43:367–377 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Muyzer G., de Waal E. C., Uitterlinden A. G. 1993; Profiling of complex microbial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified genes coding for 16S rRNA. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:695–700
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Nagaraja T. G., Chengappa M. M. 1998; Liver abscesses in feedlot cattle: a review. J Anim Sci 76:287–298
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Nagaraja T. G., Newbold C. J., Van Nevel C. J., Demeyer D. I. 1997; Manipulation of ruminal fermentation. In The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem, 2nd edn. pp 523–632 Edited by Hobson P. N. New York: Blackie;
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Newbold C. J., Wallace R. J., Watt N. D., Richardson A. J. 1988; Effect of the novel ionophore tetronasin (ICI 139603) on ruminal microorganisms. Appl Environ Microbiol 54:544–547
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Newbold C. J., Wallace R. J., Chen X. B., McIntosh F. M. 1995; Different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae differ in their effects on ruminal bacterial numbers in vitro and in sheep. J Anim Sci 73:1811–1818
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Rebolini O., Gallazzi D., Valerani L. 1982; Use of flavophospholipol as a growth promotant in feeds for fattening rabbits. Coniglicoltura 19:57–60
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Reidel G., Reiter H., Losch U. 1974; Effect of oral flavophospholipol (FPL) on the growth of germfree chickens. Z Tierphysiol 32:328–334
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Rowe J. B., Morrell J. S., Broome A. W. J. 1982; Flavomycin as a ruminant growth promoter – investigation of the mode of action. Proc Nutr Soc 41:A56
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Russell J. B., Strobel H. J., Chen G. 1988; Enrichment and isolation of a ruminal bacterium with a very high specific activity of ammonia production. Appl Environ Microbiol 54:872–877
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Russell J. B., Onodera R., Hino T. 1991; Ruminal protein fermentation: new perspectives on previous contradictions. In Physiological Aspects of Digestion and Metabolism in Ruminants pp 681–697 Edited by Tsuda T., Sasaki Y., Kawashima R. San Diego: Academic Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Takayama Y., Kanoe M., Maeda K., Okada Y., Kai K. 2000; Adherence of Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp.necrophorum to ruminal cells derived from bovine rumenitis. Lett Appl Microbiol 30:308–311 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Tan Z. L., Nagaraja T. G., Chengappa M. M. 1994; Selective enumeration of Fusobacterium necrophorum from the bovine rumen. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:1387–1389
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Tan Z. L., Nagaraja T. G., Chengappa M. M. 1996; Fusobacterium necrophorum infections: virulence factors, pathogenic mechanism and control measures. Vet Res Commun 20:113–140 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Y.-L Tsai, Olson B. H. 1991; Rapid method for direct extraction of DNA from soil and sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 57:1070–1074
    [Google Scholar]
  44. van Heijenoort J. 2001; Formation of the glycan chains in the synthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan. Glycobiology 11:25R–36R [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Van Heijenoort Y., Derrien M., Van Heijenoort J. 1978; Polymerization by transglycosylation in the biosynthesis of the peptidoglycan of Escherichia coli K 12 and its inhibition by antibiotics. FEBS Lett 89:141–143 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Van Nevel C. V., Demeyer D. 1987; Modification of rumen protein fermentation in vitro by antibiotics. Med Fac Landbouww Rijksuniv Gent 52:1691–1701
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Wallace R. J. 1978; Control of lactate production by Selenomonas ruminantium: homotropic activation of lactate dehydrogenase by pyruvate. J Gen Microbiol 107:45–52 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Wallace R. J., McPherson C. A. 1987; Factors affecting the rate of breakdown of bacterial protein in rumen fluid. Br J Nutr 58:313–323 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Wallace R. J., Newbold C. J., Bequette B. J., MacRae J. C., Lobley G. E. 2001; Increasing the flow of protein from ruminal fermentation - review. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 14:885–893 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Wallhausser K. H., Nesemann G., Prave P., Steigler A. 1965; Moenomycin, a new antibiotic. I. Fermentation and isolation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 5:734–736
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Whitehead R., Cooke G. H., Chapman B. T. 1967; Problems associated with the continuous monitoring of ammoniacal nitrogen in river water. Automat Anal Chem 2:377–380
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.27602-0
Loading
/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.27602-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error