1887

Abstract

PpsR from is involved in the repression of photosystem gene expression. The PpsR protein was heterologously overexpressed and purified to homogeneity. Gel mobility shift assay showed that the purified PpsR has DNA-binding activity. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that some portions of PpsR were oxidized, indicating that intramolecular or intermolecular disulphide bonds were formed between the two cysteines in each subunit. When the disulphide bond of PpsR was reduced by DTT, the binding activity of PpsR to the promoter region distinctly increased. The changes in protein level and DNA-binding activity of PpsR were observed in a conjugant with an extra copy of the gene and in a PpsR-null mutant (PPS1), respectively. Both cysteines in PpsR existed in their reduced form under aerobic, anaerobic-dark and anaerobic-light growth conditions, as determined using thiol-specific chemical modification. In an AppA-null mutant (APP11), the binding activity and the amount of PpsR decreased compared to those of the wild-type and an -complemented strain, and decreased even more under anaerobic-dark conditions than under aerobic conditions. PpsR had a redox-sensitive property but retained its reduced state in the cell, and its amount was reduced by disruption of AppA.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.26777-0
2004-03-01
2024-04-19
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/micro/150/3/mic1500697.html?itemId=/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.26777-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Aagaard J., Sistrom W. R. 1972; Control of synthesis of reaction center bacteriochlorophyll in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Photochem Photobiol 15:209–225 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Åslund F., Zheng M., Beckwith J., Storz G. 1999; Regulation of the OxyR transcription factor by hydrogen peroxide and the cellular thiol-disulfide status. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:6161–6165 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Bowman W. C., Du S., Bauer C. E., Kranz R. G. 1999; In vitro activation and repression of photosynthesis gene transcription in Rhodobacter capsulatus. Mol Microbiol 33:429–437 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Braatsch S., Gomelsky M., Kuphal S., Klug G. 2002; A single flavoprotein, AppA, integrates both redox and light signals in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Mol Microbiol 45:827–836 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Claiborne A., Yeh J. I., Mallett T. C., Luba J., Crane E. J. 3rd, Charrier V., Parsonage D. 1999; Protein-sulfenic acids: diverse roles for an unlikely player in enzyme catalysis and redox regulation. Biochemistry 38:15407–15416 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Cohen-Bazire G., Sistrom W. R., Stanier R. Y. 1957; Kinetic studies of pigment synthesis by non-sulfur purple bacteria. J Cell Comp Physiol 49:25–68 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Davis J., Donohue T. J., Kaplan S. 1988; Construction, characterization, and complementation of a Puf mutant ofRhodobacter sphaeroides. J Bacteriol 170:320–329
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Eraso J. M., Kaplan S. 1995; Oxygen-insensitive synthesis of the photosynthetic membranes of Rhodobacter sphaeroides: a mutant histidine kinase. J Bacteriol 177:2695–2706
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Fassio A., Sitia R. 2002; Formation, isomerisation and reduction of disulphide bonds during protein quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum. Histochem Cell Biol 117:151–157 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Gilbert H. F. 1990; Molecular and cellular aspects of thiol-disulfide exchange. Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol 63:69–172
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Gomelsky M., Kaplan S. 1995a; Genetic evidence that PpsR from Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1 functions as a repressor ofpuc and bchF expression. J Bacteriol 177:1634–1637
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Gomelsky M., Kaplan S. 1995b; appA, a novel gene encoding a trans-acting factor involved in the regulation of photosynthesis gene expression inRhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1. J Bacteriol 177:4609–4618
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Gomelsky M., Kaplan S. 1997; Molecular genetic analysis suggesting interaction between AppA and PpsR in regulation of photosynthesis gene expression in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1. J Bacteriol 179:128–134
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Gomelsky M., Horne I. M., Lee H.-J., Pemberton J. M., McEwan A. G., Kaplan S. 2000; Domain structure, oligomeric state, and mutational analysis of PpsR, the Rhodobacter sphaeroides repressor of photosystem gene expression. J Bacteriol 182:2253–2261 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Gomelsky L., Sram J., Moskvin O. V., Horne I. M., Dodd H. N., Pemberton J. M., McEwan A. G., Kaplan S., Gomelsky M. 2003; Identification and in vivo characterization of PpaA, a regulator of photosystem formation in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Microbiology 149:377–388 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Gregor J., Klug G. 1999; Regulation of bacterial photosynthesis genes by oxygen and light. FEMS Microbiol Lett 179:1–9 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Hanahan D. 1983; Studies on transformation of Escherichia coli with plasmids. J Mol Biol 166:557–580 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Kadokura H., Katzen F., Beckwith J. 2003; Protein disulfide bond formation in prokaryotes. Annu Rev Biochem 72:111–135 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Kang J. G., Paget M. S. B., Seok Y. J., Hahn M. Y., Bae J. B., Hahn J. S., Kleanthous C., Buttner M. J., Roe J. H. 1999; RsrA, an anti-sigma factor regulated by redox change. EMBO J 18:4292–4298 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Keen N. T., Tamaki S., Kobaysahi D., Trollinger D. 1988; Improved broad-host-range plasmids for DNA cloning in Gram-negative bacteria. Gene 70:191–197 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Laemmli U. K. 1970; Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227:680–685 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Lee S. R., Yang K. S., Kwon J., Lee C., Jeong W., Rhee S. G. 2002; Reversible inactivation of the tumor suppressor PTEN by H2O2. J Biol Chem 277:20336–20342 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Loferer H., Wunderlich M., Hennecke H., Glockshuber R. 1995; A bacterial thioredoxin-like protein that is exposed to the periplasm has redox properties comparable with those of cytoplasmic thioredoxins. J Biol Chem 270:26178–26183 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Masuda S., Bauer C. E. 2002; AppA is a blue light photoreceptor that antirepresses photosynthesis gene expression in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Cell 110:613–623 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Masuda S., Dong C., Swem D., Setterdahl A. T., Knaff D. B., Bauer C. E. 2002; Repression of photosynthesis gene expression by formation of a disulfide bond in CrtJ. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:7078–7083 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Penfold R. J., Pemberton J. M. 1994; Sequencing, chromosomal inactivation, and functional expression in Escherichia coli of ppsR, a gene which represses carotenoid and bacteriochlorophyll synthesis in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J Bacteriol 176:2869–2876
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Ponnampalam S. N., Bauer C. E. 1997; DNA binding characteristics of CrtJ. J Biol Chem 272:18391–18396 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Ponnampalam S. N., Buggy J. J., Bauer C. E. 1995; Characterization of an aerobic repressor that coordinately regulates bacteriochlorophyll, carotenoid, and light harvesting-II expression in Rhodobacter capsulatus. J Bacteriol 177:2990–2997
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Sambrook J., Fritsch E. F., Maniatis T. 1989 Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual, 2nd edn. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory;
  30. Simon R., Priefer U., Puhler A. 1983; A broad host range mobilization system for in vivo genetic engineering: transposon mutagenesis in gram negative bacteria. Bio/Technology 1:784–791 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Taylor B. L., Zhulin I. B. 1999; PAS domains: internal sensors of oxygen, redox potential, and light. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 63:479–506
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Zeilstra-Ryalls J. H., Kaplan S. 1998; Role of the fnrL gene in photosystem gene expression and photosynthetic growth of Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1. J Bacteriol 180:1496–1503
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.26777-0
Loading
/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.26777-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error