Metabolic cooperation of Gordonia sp. strain MTCC 4818 and Arthrobacter sp. strain WY in the utilization of butyl benzyl phthalate: effect of a novel co-culture in the degradation of a mixture of phthalates
Degradation of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) by a co-culture of Gordonia sp. strain MTCC 4818 and Arthrobacter sp. strain WY was investigated. In the degradation of BBP by the co-culture, the limitations of the individual species in metabolizing BBP were overcome, leading to the development of a consortium capable of complete utilization of this ester. In the degradation of BBP by the co-culture, the presence of multiple esterases was demonstrated in both species by activity staining of non-denaturing gels, indicating their roles in the degradation process. The esterases were found to be inducible, with unique or broad substrate specificities towards BBP and its monoesters. Moreover, a number of catabolic enzymes other than esterases identified in the metabolism of BBP-degraded intermediates facilitated the co-culture-mediated degradation process. The versatility of the co-culture was further established by the rapid and complete degradation of a mixture of phthalate esters of environmental concern.
AldertH.,
VerhoefP. A.,
BiesebeekJ. T.,
PietersM. N.,
SlobW.2000; Developmental toxicity of butyl benzyl phthalate in the rat using a multiple dose study design. Toxicology 14:417–425
ChatterjeeS.,
DuttaT. K.2008; Complete degradation of butyl benzyl phthalate by a defined bacterial consortium: role of individual isolates in the assimilation pathway. Chemosphere 70:933–941
ChatterjeeS.,
MallickS.,
DuttaT. K.2005; Pathways in the degradation of hydrolyzed alcohols of butyl benzyl phthalate in metabolically diverse Gordonia sp. strain MTCC 4818. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 9:110–120
DornE.,
KnackmussH.-J.1978; Chemical structure and biodegradability of halogenated aromatic compounds. Substituent effects on 1,2-dioxygenation of catechol. Biochem J 174:85–94
KochH. M.,
DrexlerH.,
AngererJ.2003; An estimation of the daily intake of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and other phthalates in the general population. Int J Hyg Environ Health 206:77–83
KooJ.-W.,
ParhamF.,
KohnM. C.,
MastenS. A.,
BrockJ. W.,
NeedhamL. L.,
PortierC. J.2002; The association between biomarker based exposure estimates for phthalates and demographic factors in a human reference population. Environ Health Perspect 110:405–410
KuraneR.,
SuzukiT.,
FukuokaS.1984; Purification and some properties of phthalate ester hydrolyzing enzyme from Nocardia erythropolis
. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 20:378–383
NakaiM.,
TabiraY.,
AsaiD.,
YakabeY.,
ShimyozuT.,
NoguchiM.1999; Binding characteristics of dialkyl phthalates for the estrogen receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 254:311–314
NiaziJ. H.,
PrasadT.,
KaregoudarT. B.2001; Initial degradation of dimethyl phthalate by esterases from Bacillus species. FEMS Microbiol Lett 196:201–205
PockerY.,
StoneJ. T.1967; The catalytic versatility of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase. III. Kinetic studies of the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate. Biochemistry 6:668–678
RibbonsD. W.,
KeyserP.,
KunzD. A.,
TaylorB. F.,
EatonR. W.,
AndersonB. N.1984; Microbial degradation of phthalates. In Microbial Degradation of Organic Compounds pp 371–397 Edited by
GibsonD. T.
New York: Dekker;
RoslevP.,
MadsenP. L.,
ThymeJ. B.,
HenriksenK.1998; Degradation of phthalate and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate by indigenous and inoculated microorganisms in sludge-amended soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:4711–4719
SotoA. M.,
SonnenscheinC.,
ChungK. L.,
FernandezM. F.,
OleaN.,
SerranoF. O.1995; The E-screen assay as a tool to identify estrogens: an update on estrogenic environmental pollutants. Environ Health Perspect 103:113–122
Uriu-AdamsJ. Y.,
ReeceC. K.,
NguyenL. K.,
HorvathB. J.,
NairR.,
BarterR. A.,
KeenC. L.2001; Effect of butyl benzyl phthalate on reproduction and zinc metabolism. Toxicology 159:55–68
XuX. R.,
LiH. B.,
GuJ. D.2006; Elucidation of n-butyl benzyl phthalate biodegradation using high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography –mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 386:370–375
YuanS. Y.,
LiuC.,
LiaoC. S.,
ChangB. V.2002; Occurrence and microbial degradation of phthalate esters in Taiwan river sediments. Chemosphere 49:1295–1299
Metabolic cooperation of Gordonia sp. strain MTCC 4818 and Arthrobacter sp. strain WY in the utilization of butyl benzyl phthalate: effect of a novel co-culture in the degradation of a mixture of phthalates