1887

Abstract

infections have grown in importance in the last years. However, most of the studies have focused on , the most prevalent species in the genus. In certain locales and hospitals, is more common in air than , for unclear reasons. After , is the second leading cause of invasive aspergillosis and it is the most common cause of superficial infection. Experimental invasive infections in mice show to be 100-fold more virulent than in terms of inoculum required. Particularly common clinical syndromes associated with include chronic granulomatous sinusitis, keratitis, cutaneous aspergillosis, wound infections and osteomyelitis following trauma and inoculation. Outbreaks associated with appear to be associated with single or closely related strains, in contrast to those associated with . In addition, produces aflatoxins, the most toxic and potent hepatocarcinogenic natural compounds ever characterized. Accurate species identification within complex remains difficult due to overlapping morphological and biochemical characteristics, and much taxonomic and population genetics work is necessary to better understand the species and related species. The complex currently includes 23 species or varieties, including two sexual species, and . The genome of the highly related is completed and available; that of in the final stages of annotation. Our understanding of lags far behind that of . Studies of the genomics, taxonomy, population genetics, pathogenicity, allergenicity and antifungal susceptibility of are all required.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.2007/007641-0
2007-06-01
2024-12-13
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/micro/153/6/1677.html?itemId=/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.2007/007641-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Abdalla M. H. 1988; Prevalence of airborne Aspergillus flavus in Khartoum (Sudan) airspora with reference to dusty weather and inoculum survival in simulated summer conditions. Mycopathologia 104:137–141 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Acquati F., Semeraro F., Respighi E., Gallotti R., Repetto S., Binaghi G. 1987; Aspergillus flavus -infection of a pacemaker wire: continuing evidence for active management of infected pacemakers. G Ital Cardiol 17:467–468
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Adhikari A., Sen M. M., Gupta-Bhattacharya S., Chanda S. 2004; Airborne viable, non-viable, and allergenic fungi in a rural agricultural area of India: a 2-year study at five outdoor sampling stations. Sci Total Environ 326:123–141 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Akiyama K., Takizawa H., Suzuki M., Miyachi S., Ichinohe M., Yanagihara Y. 1987; Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis due to Aspergillus oryzae. Chest 91:285–286 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Allo M. D., Miller J., Townsend T., Tan C. 1987; Primary cutaneous aspergillosis associated with Hickman intravenous catheters. N Engl J Med 317:1105–1108 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Alrajhi A. A., Enani M., Mahasin Z., Al-Omran K. 2001; Chronic invasive aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses in immunocompetent hosts from Saudi Arabia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65:83–86
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Anaissie E. J., Stratton S. L., Dignani M. C., Summerbell R. C., Rex J. H., Monson T. P., Spencer T., Kasai M., Francesconi A., Walsh T. J. 2002; Pathogenic Aspergillus species recovered from a hospital water system: a 3-year prospective study. Clin Infect Dis 34:780–789 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Bartoli A., Maggi O. 1978; Four new species of Aspergillus from Ivory Coast Soil. Trans Br Mycol Soc 71:383–394 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Batista A. C., da Silva Maia H. M. 1955; Aspergillus flavo-furcatis. An Soc Biol Pernamb 8:94–96
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Bayman P., Baker J. L., Doster M. A., Michailides T. J., Mahoney N. E. 2002; Ochratoxin production by the Aspergillus ochraceus group and Aspergillus alliaceus. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:2326–2329 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Bennett J. W., Klich M. 2003; Mycotoxins. Clin Microbiol Rev 16:497–516 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Bhatnagar D., Cleveland T. E., Payne G. A. 2000 Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology pp 72–79 London: Academic Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Bowyer P., Fraczek M., Denning D. W. 2006; Comparative genomics of fungal allergens and epitopes shows widespread distribution of closely related allergen and epitope orthologues. BMC Genomics 7:251 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Bruns T. D., White T. J., Taylor J. W. 1991; Fungal molecular systematics. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 22:525–564 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Buffington J., Reporter R., Lasker B. A., McNeil M. M., Lanson J. M., Ross L. A., Mascola L., Jarvis W. R. 1994; Investigation of an epidemic of invasive aspergillosis: utility of molecular typing with the use of random amplified polymorphic DNA probes. Pediatr Infect Dis J 13:386–393 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Calvo A., Guarro J., Suarez G., Ramirez C. 1980; Air-borne fungi in the air of Barcelona (Spain). III. The genus Aspergillus Link. Mycopathologia 71:41–43 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Cameron J. A., Antonios S. R., Cotter J. B., Habash N. R. 1991; Endophthalmitis from contaminated donor corneas following penetrating keratoplasty. Arch Ophthalmol 109:54–59 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Campbell C. K. 1994; Forms of aspergillosis. In The Genus Aspergillus pp 313–320 Edited by Powell K. A., Renwick A., Peberdy J. F. New York: Plenum;
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Cesaro S., Toffolutti T., Messina C., Calore E., Alaggio R., Cusinato R., Pillon M., Zanesco L. 2004; Safety and efficacy of caspofungin and liposomal amphotericin B, followed by voriconazole in young patients affected by refractory invasive mycosis. Eur J Haematol 73:50–55 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Chakrabarti A., Sharma S. C., Chandler J. 1992; Epidemiology and pathogenesis of paranasal sinus mycoses. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 107:745–750
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Chakrabarti A., Jatana M., Sharma S. C. 1997; Rabbit as an animal model of paranasal sinus mycoses. J Med Vet Mycol 35:295–297 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Chakrabarti A., Gupta V., Biswas G., Kumar B., Sakhuja V. K. 1998; Primary cutaneous aspergillosis: our experience in 10 years. J Infect 37:24–27
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Chakrabarti A., Sethi S., Raman D. S., Behera D. 2002; Eight-year study of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in an Indian teaching hospital. Mycoses 45:295–299 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Cheikh-Rouhou F., Makni F., Ayadi A., Ghorbel R., Ben Zina Z. 2001; Ocular parasitoses and mycoses: cases diagnosed in the Central University Hospital of Sfax between 1996 and 1999. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 94:11–13
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Christensen M., Raper K. B. 1978; Aspergillus robustus , a new species in the A. ochraceus group. Mycologia 70:200–205 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Cohn A. 1883; Aspergillus oryzae. Jahresber Schles Ges Vaterl Kultur 61:226
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Cooper J. A., Weinbaum D. L., Aldrich T. K., Mandell G. L. 1981; Invasive aspergillosis of the lung and pericardium in a nonimmunocompromised 33 year old man. Am J Med 71:903–907 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Cotty P. 1989; Virulence and cultural characteristics of two Aspergillus flavus strains pathogenic on cotton. Phytopathology 79:808–814 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Currens J., Hutcheson P. S., Slavin R. G., Citardi M. J. 2002; Primary paranasal Aspergillus granuloma: case report and review of the literature. Am J Rhinol 16:165–168
    [Google Scholar]
  30. de Valk H. A., Meis J. F., Curfs I. M., Muehlethaler K., Mouton J. W., Klaassen C. H. 2005; Use of a novel panel of nine short tandem repeats for exact and high-resolution fingerprinting of Aspergillus fumigatus isolates. J Clin Microbiol 43:4112–4120 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Demaria R. G., Durrleman N., Rispail P., Margueritte G., Macia J. C., Aymard T., Frapier J. M., Albat B., Chaptal P. A. 2000; Aspergillus flavus mitral valve endocarditis after lung abscess. J Heart Valve Dis 9:786–790
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Demicco D. D., Reichman R. C., Violette E. J., Winn W. C. Jr 1984; Disseminated aspergillosis presenting with endophthalmitis. A case report and a review of the literature. Cancer 53:1995–2001 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Denning D. W. 1998; Invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 26:781–803 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Denning D. W., Venkateswarlu K., Oakley K. L., Anderson M. J., Manning N. J., Stevens D. A., Warnock D. W., Kelly S. L. 1997; Itraconazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:1364–1368
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Denning D. W., Riniotis K., Dobrashian R., Sambatakou H. 2003; Chronic cavitary and fibrosing pulmonary and pleural aspergillosis: case series, proposed nomenclature and review. Clin Infect Dis 37:S265–S280 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Denning D. W., Marr K. A., Lau W. M., Facklam D. P., Ratanatharathorn V., Becker C., Ullmann A. J., Seibel N. L., Flynn P. M. other authors 2006; Micafungin (FK463), alone or in combination with other systemic antifungal agents, for the treatment of acute invasive aspergillosis. J Infect 53:337–349 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Diaz-Guerra T. M., Mellado E., Cuenca-Estrella M., Gaztelurrutia L., Navarro J. I. V., Tudela J. L. R. 2000; Genetic similarity among one Aspergillus flavus strain isolated from a patient who underwent heart surgery and two environmental strains obtained from the operating room. J Clin Microbiol 38:2419–2422
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Diekema D. J., Messer S. A., Hollis R. J., Jones R. N., Pfaller M. A. 2003; Activities of caspofungin, itraconazole, posaconazole, ravuconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B against 448 recent clinical isolates of filamentous fungi. J Clin Microbiol 41:3623–3626 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Dogan M., Pabuccuoglu U., Sarioglu S., Yucesoy M. 2004; Isolated nasopharyngeal aspergillosis caused by A. flavus and associated with oxalosis. Ear Nose Throat J 83:331–333
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Egel D. S., Cotty P. J., Elias K. S. 1994; Relationships among isolates of Aspergillus sect. Flavi that vary in aflatoxin production. Phytopathology 84:906–912 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Espinel-Ingroff A. 2003; Evaluation of broth microdilution testing parameters and agar diffusion Etest procedure for testing susceptibilities of Aspergillus spp. to caspofungin acetate (MK-0991. J Clin Microbiol 41:403–409 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Espinel-Ingroff A., Bartlett M., Chaturvedi V., Ghannoum M., Hazen K. C., Pfaller M. A., Rinaldi M., Walsh T. J. NCCLS 2001; Optimal susceptibility testing conditions for detection of azole resistance in Aspergillus spp.: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards collaborative evaluation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45:1828–1835 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Ferreiro J. A., Carlson B. A., Cody D. T. 3rd: 1997; Paranasal sinus fungus balls. Head Neck 19:481–486 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Fisher M. S. 1992; Case report 750: Aspergillosis of the chest wall in an apparently immunocompetent host. Skeletal Radiol 21:410–413
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Ford S., Friedman L. 1967; Experimental study of the pathogenicity of aspergilli for mice. J Bacteriol 94:928–933
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Frisvad J. C., Skouboe P., Samson R. A. 2005; Taxonomic comparison of three different groups of aflatoxin producers and a new efficient producer of aflatoxin B1, sterigmatocystin and 3- O -methylsterigmatocystin, Aspergillus rambellii sp. nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 28:442–453 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Galagan J. E., Calvo S. E., Cuomo C., Ma L. J., Wortman J. R., Batzoglou S., Lee S. I., Basturkmen M., Spevak C. C. other authors 2005; Sequencing of Aspergillus nidulans and comparative analysis with A. fumigatus and A. oryzae. Nature 438:1105–1115 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Geiser D. M., Pitt J. I., Taylor J. W. 1998; Cryptic speciation and recombination in the aflatoxin-producing fungus Aspergillus flavus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:388–393 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Geiser D. M., Dorner J. W., Horn B. W., Taylor J. W. 2000; The phylogenetics of mycotoxin and sclerotium production in Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus oryzae. Fungal Genet Biol 31:169–179 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Gibson A. M., Baranyi J., Pitt M. J., Eyles M. J., Roberts T. A. 1994; Predicting fungal growth: the effect of water activity on Aspergillus flavus and related species. Int J Food Microbiol 23:419–431 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Goldblatt L. A. 1969 Aflatoxin – Scientific Background, Control and Implications New York: Acaderitic Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Gomez-Lopez A., Garcia-Effron G., Mellado E., Monzon A., Rodriguez-Tudela J. L., Cuenca-Estrella M. 2003; In vitro activities of three licensed antifungal agents against Spanish clinical isolates of Aspergillus spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:3085–3088 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Goncalves A. B., Paterson R. R., Lima N. 2006; Survey and significance of filamentous fungi from tap water. Int J Hyg Environ Health 209:257–264 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Gottlich E., Lange B., Fiedler S., Melchert I., Reifenrath M., Flemming H. C., Van der Lubbe W., de Hoog S. 2002; Fungal flora in groundwater-derived public drinking water. Int J Hyg Environ Health 205:269–279 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Grossman M. E., Fithian E. C., Behrens C., Bissinger J., Fracaro M., Neu H. C. 1985; Primary cutaneous aspergillosis in six leukemic children. J Am Acad Dermatol 12:313–318 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Guarro J., Sole M., Castany R., Cano J., Teixido A., Pujol I., Gene J., Castro A., Sarda P. 2005; Use of random amplified microsatellites to type isolates from an outbreak of nosocomial aspergillosis in a general medical ward. Med Mycol 43:365–371 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Gugnani H. C., Gupta S., Talwar R. S. 1978; Role of opportunistic fungi in ocular infections in Nigeria. Mycopathologia 65:155–166 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Guinea J., Bouza E., Peláez T., Alcalá L. 2005; Evaluation of Czapeck agar and Sabouraud dextrose agar for the culture of airborne Aspergillus conidia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 53:333–334 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Gumaa S. A., Mahgoub E. S., Hay R. J. 1992; Post-operative responses of paranasal Aspergillus granuloma to itraconazole. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86:93–94 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Gupta S. K., Pereira B. M., Singh A. B. 1993; Survey of airborne culturable and non-culturable fungi at different sites in Delhi metropolis. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 11:19–28
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Hedayati M. T., Mayahi S., Aghil R., Goharimoghadam K. 2005; Airborne fungi in indoor and outdoor of asthmatic patients' home, living in the city of Sari. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 4:189–191
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Heinemann S., Symoens F., Gordts B., Jannes H., Nolard N. 2004; Environmental investigations and molecular typing of Aspergillus flavus during an outbreak of postoperative infections. J Hosp Infect 57:149–155 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Hope W. W., Walsh T. J., Denning D. W. 2005; The invasive and saprophytic syndromes due to Aspergillus spp. Med Mycol 43 :Suppl. 1S207–S238 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Horn B. 1997; Aspergillus caelatus , a new species in section Flavi. Mycotaxon 56:185–191
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Hsueh P. R., Lau Y. J., Chuang Y. C., Wan J. H., Huang W. K., Shyr J. M., Yan J. J., Yu K. W., Jiunn-Jong Wu J. J. other authors 2005; Antifungal susceptibilities of clinical isolates of Candida species, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus species from Taiwan: surveillance of multicenter antimicrobial resistance in Taiwan Program Data from 2003. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:512–517 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Hussain S., Salahuddin N., Ahmad I., Salahuddin I., Jooma R. 1995; Rhinocerebral invasive mycosis: occurrence in immunocompetent individuals. Eur J Radiol 20:151–155 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Irles D., Bonadona A., Pofelski J., Laramas M., Molina L., Lantuejoul S., Brenier-Pinchart M. P., Bagueta J. P., Barnoud D. 2004; Aspergillus flavus endocarditis on a native valve. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 97:172–175
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Ito Y., Peterson S. W., Wicklow D. T., Goto T. 2001; Aspergillus pseudotamarii , a new aflatoxin producing species in Aspergillus section Flavi. Mycol Res 105:233–239 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Iwen P. C., Rupp M. E., Hinrichs S. H. 1997; Invasive mold sinusitis: 17 cases in immunocompromised patients and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 24:1178–1184 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  70. James M. J., Lasker B. A., McNeil M. M., Shelton M., Warnock D. W., Reiss E. 2000; Use of a repetitive DNA probe to type clinical and environmental isolates of Aspergillus flavus from a cluster of cutaneous infections in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Clin Microbiol 38:3612–3618
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Kaliamurthy J., Geraldine J. P., Thomas P. A. 2003; Disseminated aspergillosis due to Aspergillus flavus in an experimental model: efficacy of azole therapy. Mycoses 46:174–182 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Kamai Y., Harasaki T., Fukuoka T., Ohya S., Uchida K., Yamaguchi H., Kuwahara S. 2002; In vitro and in vivo activities of CS-758 (R-120758), a new triazole antifungal agent. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:367–370 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Kamal, Bhargava K. S. 1969; Aspergillus lanosus. Trans Br Mycol Soc 52:336 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Kameswaran M., al-Wadei A., Khurana P., Okafor B. C. 1992; Rhinocerebral aspergillosis. J Laryngol Otol 106:981–985 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Kennedy C. A., Adams G. L., Neglia J. P., Giebink G. S. 1997; Impact of surgical treatment on paranasal fungal infections in bone marrow transplant patients. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 116:610–616 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Kennedy H. F., Simpson E. M., Wilson N., Richardson M. D., Michie J. R. 1998; Aspergillus flavus endocarditis in a child with neuroblastoma. J Infect 36:126–127 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Khairallah S. H., Byrne K. A., Tabbara K. F. 1992; Fungal keratitis in Saudi Arabia. Doc Ophthalmol 79:269–276 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Khan Z. U., Sandhu R. S., Randhawa H. S., Menon M. P., Dusaj I. S. 1976; Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: a study of 46 cases with special reference to laboratory aspects. Scand J Respir Dis 57:73–87
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Khan Z. U., Gopalakrishnan G., Al-Awadi K., Gupta R. K., Moussa S. A., Chugh T. D., Krajci D. 1995; Renal aspergilloma due to Aspergillus flavus. Clin Infect Dis 21:210–212 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Kita 1913; Aspergillus tamarii. Centbl Bakt Parasit Kde Abt 37:433–452
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Klich M. A., Mullaney E. J. 1987; DNA restriction enzyme fragment length polymorphism as a tool for differentiation of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus oryzae. Exp Mycol 11:170–175 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Klich M. A., Pitt J. L. 1988; Differentiation of Aspergillus flavus from A. parasiticus and other closely related species. Trans Br Mycol Soc 91:99–108 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Kozakiewicz Z. 1989 Aspergillus Species on Stored Products Wallingford: CAB International;
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Kueter J. C., MacDiarmid S. A., Redman J. F. 2002; Anuria due to bilateral ureteral obstruction by Aspergillus flavus in an adult male. Urology 59:601
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Kumeda Y., Asao T. 1996; Single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of PCR-amplified ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers to differentiate species of Aspergillus section Flavi. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:2947–2952
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Kurosawa M., Kobayashi S., Yanagihara Y., Shida T. 1990; A case of occupational allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis unique to Japan. Br J Clin Pract 44:482–489
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Kurtzman C. P., Smiley M. J., Robnett C. J., Wicklow D. T. 1986; DNA relatedness among wild and domesticated species in the Aspergillus flavus group. Mycologia 78:955–959 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Kurtzman C. P., Horn B. W., Hesseltine C. W. 1987; Aspergillus nomius , a new aflatoxin-producing species related to Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus tamarii. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 53:147–158 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Lance S. E., Friberg T. R., Kowalski R. P. 1988; Aspergillus flavus endophthalmitis and retinitis in an intravenous drug abuser. A therapeutic success. Ophthalmology 95:947–949 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Lass-Florl C., Kofler G., Kropshofer G., Hermans J., Kreczy A., Dierich M. P., Niederwieser D. 1998; In-vitro testing of susceptibility to amphotericin B is a reliable predictor of clinical outcome in invasive aspergillosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 42:497–502 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Lass-Florl C., Nagl M., Speth C., Ulmer H., Dierich M. P., Würzner R. 2001; Studies of in vitro activities of voriconazole and itraconazole against Aspergillus hyphae using viability staining. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45:124–128 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Li D. M., Horie Y., Wang Y., Li R. 1998; Three new Aspergillus species isolated from clinical sources as a causal agent of human aspergillosis. Mycoscience 39:299–305 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Liao W. Q., Shao J. Z., Li S. Q., Wan G. T., Da Z. W., Sun Y. C., Qi Z. T., Chen Q. T., Sun Z. M. 1988; Mycological identification of pulmonary aspergilloma caused by Aspergillus oryzae with proliferating heads. Chin Med J (Engl 101:601–604
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Link H.F. 1809; Observationes in Ordines plantarum naturales. Dissertatio prima, complectens Anandrarum ordines Epiphytas, Mucedines Gastomycos et Fungos Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. Magazin für die neuesten Entdeckungen in der gesamten Naturkunde 3:1–42
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Lionakis M. S., Lewisa R. L., Torresa H. A., Alberta N. D., Raada I. I., Kontoyiannisa D. P. 2005; Increased frequency of non- fumigatus Aspergillus species in amphotericin B- or triazole-pre-exposed cancer patients with positive cultures for aspergilli. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 52:15–20 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Machida M., Asai K., Sano M., Tanaka T., Kumagai T., Terai G., Kusumoto K., Arima T., Akita O. other authors 2005; Genome sequencing and analysis of Aspergillus oryzae. Nature 438:1157–1161 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Maertens J., Raad I., Petrikkos G., Boogaerts M., Selleslag D., Petersen F. B., Sable C. A., Kartsonis N. A., Ngai A. other authors 2004; Efficacy and safety of caspofungin for treatment of invasive aspergillosis in patients refractory to or intolerant of conventional antifungal therapy. Clin Infect Dis 39:1563–1571 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Maesaki S., Iwakawa J., Higashiyama Y., Miyazaki Y., Yanagihara K., Tomono K., Tashiro T., Kohno S. 2000; Antifungal activity of a new triazole, voriconazole (UK-109496), against clinical isolates of Aspergillus spp. J Infect Chemother 6:101–103 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Mahgoub E. S., el-Hassan A. M. 1972; Pulmonary aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus flavus. Thorax 27:33–37 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Mallea M., Murray I. G., Segretain G., Philpot C. M., Charpin H., Gueho E., Charpin J. 1972; Census of Aspergillus colonies in the air comparison between. London, Paris, Lyon, Marseilles: Acta Allergol 27:273–278 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Marchal É. J. 1893; Aspergillus terricola. Rev Mycol (Toulouse) 15:101
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Mari A., Riccioli D. 2004; The Allergome Web Site – a database of allergenic molecules. Aim, structure, and data of a web-based resource. 60th Annual Meeting American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 113:S301
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Marr K. A., Carter R. A., Crippa F., Wald A., Corey L. 2002; Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 34:909–917 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Mehrotra B. S., Agnihotri V. P. 1962; Aspergillus indicus. Mycologia 54:403
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Mendicute J., Orbegozo J., Ruiz M., Saiz A., Eder F., Aramberri J. 2000; Keratomycosis after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 26:1660–1666 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Milosev B., el-Mahgoub S., Aal O. A., el-Hassan A. M. 1969; Primary aspergilloma of paranasal sinuses in the Sudan. A review of seventeen cases. Br J Surg 56:132–137 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Montiel D., Dickinson M. J., Lee H. A., Dyer P. S., Jeenes D. J., Roberts I. N., James S., Fuller L. J., Matsuchima K., Archer D. B. 2003; Genetic differentiation of the Aspergillus section Flavi complex using AFLP fingerprints. Mycol Res 107:1427–1434 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Moody S. F., Tyler B. M. 1990; Restriction enzyme analysis of mitochondrial DNA of the Aspergillus flavus group: A. flavus, A. parasiticus , and A. nomius. Appl Environ Microbiol 56:2441–2452
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Morgan J., Wannemuehler K. A., Marr K. A., Hadley S., Kontoyiannis D. P., Walsh T. J., Fridkin S. K., Pappas P. G., Warnock D. W. 2005; Incidence of invasive aspergillosis following hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplantation: interim results of a prospective multicenter surveillance program. Med Mycol 43:Suppl. 1S49–S58 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Morrow P. E. 1980; Physics of airborne particles and their deposition in the lung. Ann N Y Acad Sci 353:71–80 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Mosquera J., Warn P. A., Morrissey J., Moore C. B., Gil-Lamaignere C., Denning D. W. 2001; Susceptibility testing of Aspergillus flavus : inoculum dependence with itraconazole and lack of correlation between susceptibility to amphotericin B in vitro and outcome in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45:1456–1462 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Moubasher A. H., Abdel-Fattah H. M., Swelim M. A. 1981; Studies on air-borne fungi at Qena. I. Seasonal fluctuations. Z Allg Mikrobiol 21:247–253 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Murakami H. 1971; Classification of the Koji mold. J Gen Appl Microbiol 17:281–309 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Myoken Y., Sugata T., Fujita Y., Kyo T., Fujihara M., Kohara T., Katsu M., Mikami Y. 2003; Molecular epidemiology of invasive stomatitis due to Aspergillus flavus in patients with acute leukemia. J Oral Pathol Med 32:215–218 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Niemi R. M., Knuth S., Lundstrom K. 1982; Actinomycetes and fungi in surface waters and in potable water. Appl Environ Microbiol 43:378–388
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Nozawa K., Sekita S., Harada M., Udagawa S., Kawai K. 1989; Isolation and structures of two new indoloterpenes related to aflavine from a microsclerotium-producing strain of Aspergillus flavus. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 37:626–630 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Oakley K. L., Moore C. B., Denning D. W. 1998; In vitro activity of the echinocandin antifungal agent LY303,366 in comparison with itraconazole and amphotericin B against Aspergillus spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:2726–2730
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Odds F. C., Gerven F. V., Espinel-Ingroff A., Bartlett M. S., Ghannoum M. A., Lancaster M. V., Pfaller M. A., Rex J. H., Rinaldi M. G., Walsh T. J. 1998; Evaluation of possible correlations between antifungal susceptibilities of filamentous fungi in vitro and antifungal treatment outcomes in animal infection models. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:282–288
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Panda N. K., Sharma S. C., Chakrabarti A., Mann S. B. 1998; Paranasal sinus mycoses in north India. Mycoses 41:281–286 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Panda N. K., Balaji P., Chakrabarti A., Sharma S. C., Reddy C. E. 2004; Paranasal sinus aspergillosis: its categorization to develop a treatment protocol. Mycoses 47:277–283 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Pasqualotto A. C., Denning D. W. 2006; Post-operative aspergillosis. Clin Microbiol Infect 12:1060–1076 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Paterson R. R., Kelley J., Gallagher M. 1997; Natural occurrence of aflatoxins and Aspergillus flavus (Link) in water. Lett Appl Microbiol 25:435–436 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Paterson P. J., Seaton S., Prentice H. G., Kibbler C. C. 2003; Treatment failure in invasive aspergillosis: susceptibility of deep tissue isolates following treatment with amphotericin B. J Antimicrob Chemother 52:873–876 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Perez-Arellano J. L., Angel-Moreno A., Belon E., Frances A., Santana O. E., Martin-Sanchez A. M. 2001; Isolated renoureteric aspergilloma due to Aspergillus flavus : case report and review of the literature. J Infect 42:163–165 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Peterson S. W. 2000; Phylogenetic relationships in Aspergillus based on rDNA sequence analysis. In Integration of Modern Taxonomic Methods for Penicillium and Aspergillus Classification pp 323–355 edited by Samson R. A., Pitt J. I. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers;
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Peterson S. W., Ito Y., Horn B. W., Goto T. 2001; Aspergillus bombycis , a new aflatoxigenic species and genetic variation in its sibling species, A. nomius. Mycologia 93:689–703 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Pfaller M. A., Messer S. A., Hollis R. J., Jones R. N. Sentry Participants Group (2002). Antifungal activities of posaconazole, ravuconazole, and voriconazole compared to those of itraconazole and amphotericin B against 239 clinical isolates of Aspergillus spp. and other filamentous fungi: report from SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program, 2000. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:1032–1037 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Ramani R., Hazarika P., Kapadia R. D., Shivananda P. G. 1994; Invasive maxillary aspergillosis in an otherwise healthy individual. Ear Nose Throat J 73:420–422
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Rao K., Saha V. 2000; Medical management of Aspergillus flavus endocarditis. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 17:425–427 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Raper K. B., Fennel D. I. 1965 The Genus Aspergillus Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins;
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Rath P. M. 2001; Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of reference strains of the genus Aspergillus. Mycoses 44:65–72 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  132. Rath P. M., Ansorg R. 1997; Value of environmental sampling and molecular typing of aspergilli to assess nosocomial sources of aspergillosis. J Hosp Infect 37:47–53 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Richard J. L., Thurston J. R., Peden W. M., Pinello C. 1984; Recent studies on aspergillosis in turkey poults. Mycopathologia 87:3–11 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  134. Rigo K., Varga J., Toth B., Teren J., Mesterhazy A., Kozakiewicz Z. 2002; Evolutionary relationships within Aspergillus section Flavi based on sequences of the intergenic transcribed spacer regions and the 5.8S rRNA gene. J Gen Appl Microbiol 48:9–16 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Rosa R. H. Jr, Miller D., Alfonso E. C. 1994; The changing spectrum of fungal keratitis in south Florida. Ophthalmology 101:1005–1013 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Rudwan M. A., Sheikh H. A. 1976; Aspergilloma of paranasal sinuses – a common cause of unilateral proptosis in Sudan. Clin Radiol 27:497–502 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Saito M., Tsurata O. 1993; A new variety of Aspergillus flavus from tropical soil in Thailand and its aflatoxin productivity. Proc Jpn Assoc Mycotoxicol 37:31–36
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Sakaguchi K., Yamada K. 1944; On the morphology and classification of aspergilli (I). Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi 20:65–73 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Samson R. A., Hoekstra E. S., Frisvad J. C., Filtenborg O. 2000; Identification of the common food and airborne fungi, Aspergillus . In Introduction to Food and Airborne Fungi pp 64–97 Utrecht: Centraalbureau voor Schimmekultures;
    [Google Scholar]
  140. Saravanan K., Panda N. K., Chakrabarti A., Das A., Bapuraj R. J. 2006; Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis: an attempt to resolve the diagnostic dilemma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 132:173–178 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  141. Sarubbi F. A. Jr, Kopf H. B., Wilson M. B., McGinnis M. R., Rutala W. A. 1982; Increased recovery of Aspergillus flavus from respiratory specimens during hospital construction. Am Rev Respir Dis 125:33–38
    [Google Scholar]
  142. Scheidegger K. A., Payne G. A. 2003; Unlocking the secrets behind secondary metabolism: a review of Aspergillus flavus from pathogenicity to functional genomics. J Toxicol 22:423–459
    [Google Scholar]
  143. Seo K., Akiyoshi H., Ohnishi Y. 1999; Alteration of cell wall composition leads to amphotericin B resistance in Aspergillus flavus. Microbiol Immunol 43:1017–1025 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  144. Singer S., Singer D., Ruchel R., Mergeryan H., Schmidt U., Harms K. 1998; Outbreak of systemic aspergillosis in a neonatal intensive care unit. Mycoses 41:223–227 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  145. Smith G. 1943; Aspergillus avenaceus. Br Mycol Soc Trans 25:24–27
    [Google Scholar]
  146. Smith G. 1951; Aspergillus thomii. Br Mycol Soc Trans 34:17 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Speare A. T. 1912; Fungi parasitic upon insects injurious to sugar cane. Hawaii Sugar Plant Assoc Exp Stn Pathol Physiol Ser Bull 12:1–62
    [Google Scholar]
  148. Sridhar M. S., Garg P., Bansal A. K., Gopinathan U. 2000; Aspergillus flavus keratitis after laser in situ keratomileusis. Am J Ophthalmol 129:802–804 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  149. Staib F., Rajendran C., Mishra S. K., Voigt R., Lindlar F., Hartmann C., Weber R., Nowotny P. 1983; An atypical Aspergillus flavus from a case of bronchopulmonary aspergilloma. A contribution to the cultural and serological diagnosis of A. flavus infections. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 255:361–367
    [Google Scholar]
  150. Stammberger H., Jakse R., Beaufort F. 1984; Aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses: x-ray diagnosis, histopathology, and clinical aspects. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 93:251–256 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  151. States J. S., Christensen M. 1966; Aspergillus leporis , a new species related to A. flavus. Mycologia 58:738–742 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  152. Sutton D. A., Sothergill Q. A., Rinaldi M. F. 2004; Aspergillus in vitro antifungal susceptibility data: new millennium trends. In Advances Against Aspergillosis , Medical Mycological Society of America, San Francisco, California, Sept 9–11, abstract no. 16. Med Mycol 43:Suppl. 1S1–S319
    [Google Scholar]
  153. Taj-Aldeen S. J., Hilal A. A., Chong-Lopez A. 2003; Allergic Aspergillus flavus rhinosinusitis: a case report from Qatar. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 260:331–335 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  154. Taj-Aldeen S. J., Hilal A. A., Schell W. A. 2004; Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis: a report of 8 cases. Am J Otolaryngol 25:213–218 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  155. Tewari J. P. 1985; A new indeterminate stromatal type in Petromyces. Mycologia 77:114–120 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  156. Thakar A., Sarkar C., Dhiwakar M., Bahadur S., Dahiya S. 2004; Allergic fungal sinusitis: expanding the clinicopathologic spectrum. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130:209–216 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  157. Thom C., Church M. B. 1921; Aspergillus terricola var americanus (Marchal EJ). Am J Bot 8:125
    [Google Scholar]
  158. Thom C., Church M. B. 1926 The Aspergilli Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins;
    [Google Scholar]
  159. Tran-Dihn N., Pitt J. I., Carter D. A. 1999; Molecular genotype analysis of natural toxigenic and nontoxigenic isolates of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Mycol Res 103:1485–1490 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  160. van Burik J. A., Colven R., Spach D. H. 1998; Cutaneous aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol 36:3115–3121
    [Google Scholar]
  161. Vanbreuseghem R., Nolard N. 1985; Variations in fungal spores in the air during the last 10 years in Belgium. Bull Mem Acad R Med Belg 140:147–158
    [Google Scholar]
  162. Vandecasteele S. J., Boelaert J. R., Verrelst P., Graulus E., Gordts B. Z. 2002; Diagnosis and treatment of Aspergillus flavus sternal wound infections after cardiac surgery. Clin Infect Dis 35:887–890 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  163. VandenBergh M. F., Verweij P. E., Voss A. 1999; Epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections: invasive aspergillosis and the environment. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 34:221–227 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  164. Varga J., Rigo K., Toth B., Kozakiewicz Z., Téren J. 2003; Evolutionary relationships among Aspergillus species producing economically important mycotoxins. Food Technol Biotechnol 41:29–36
    [Google Scholar]
  165. Vonberg R. P., Gastmeier P. 2006; Nosocomial aspergillosis in outbreak settings. J Hosp Infect 63:246–254 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  166. Vujanovic V., Smoragiewicz W., Krzysztyniak K. 2001; Airborne fungal ecological niche determination as one of the possibilities for indirect mycotoxin risk assessment in indoor air. Environ Toxicol 16:1–8 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  167. Wang L., Yokoyama K., Takahasi H., Kase N., Hanya Y., Yashiro K., Miyaji M., Nishimura K. 2001; Identification of species in Aspergillus section Flavi based on sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Int J Food Microbiol 71:75–86 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  168. Warris A., Gaustad P., Meis J. F., Voss A., Verweij P. E., Abrahamsen T. G. 2001; Recovery of filamentous fungi from water in a paediatric bone marrow transplantation unit. J Hosp Infect 47:143–148 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  169. Wong T. Y., Fong K. S., Tan D. T. 1997; Clinical and microbial spectrum of fungal keratitis in Singapore: a 5-year retrospective study. Int Ophthalmol 21:127–130 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  170. Yagi H. I., Gumaa S. A., Shumo A. I., Abdalla N., Gadir A. A. 1999; Nasosinus aspergillosis in Sudanese patients: clinical features, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment. J Otolaryngol 28:90–94
    [Google Scholar]
  171. Yu J. 2004; Genetics and biochemistry of mycotoxin synthesis. In Fungal Biotechnology in Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Applications vol. 21 pp 343–361 edited by Arora D. K. New York: Marcel Dekker;
    [Google Scholar]
  172. Yu J., Whitelaw C. A., Nierman W. C., Bhatnagar D., Cleveland T. E. 2004; Aspergillus flavus expressed sequence tags for identification of genes with putative roles in aflatoxin contamination of crops. FEMS Microbiol Lett 237:333–340
    [Google Scholar]
  173. Yu J., Cleveland T. E., Nierman W. C., Bennett J. W. 2005; Aspergillus flavus genomics: gateway to human and animal health, food safety, and crop resistance to diseases. Rev Iberoam Micol 22:194–202 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  174. Zaini F., Hedayati M. T. 1995; Study of airborne fungi in the wards of 3 Tehran hospitals. J Med Council Islam Repub Iran 13:17–21
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.2007/007641-0
Loading
/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.2007/007641-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error