Active extracellular carbonic anhydrases (CAs) were found in the alkaliphilic stromatolite-forming cyanobacterium Microcoleus chthonoplastes. Enzyme activity was detected in intact cells and in the cell envelope fraction. Western blot analysis of polypeptides from the cell envelope suggested the presence of at least two polypeptides cross-reacting with antibodies against both α and β classes of CA. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed putative α-CA localized in the glycocalyx. This α-CA has a molecular mass of about 34 kDa and a pI of 3.5. External CAs showed two peaks of activity at around pH 10 and 7.5. The possible involvement of extracellular CAs of M. chthonoplastes in photosynthetic assimilation of inorganic carbon and its relationship to CaCO3 deposition during mineralization of cyanobacterial cells are discussed.
BadgerM. R.,
PriceG. D.2003; CO2 concentrating mechanisms in cyanobacteria: molecular components, their diversity and evolution. J Exp Bot 54:609–622[CrossRef]
CastenholzR. W.,
WaterburyJ. B.1989; Group I. Cyanobacteria. In Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology vol 3 pp 1710–1727 Edited by
StaleyJ. T.BryantM. P.,
PfennigN.,
HoltJ. G.
Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins;
ChiricaL. C.,
EllebyB.,
JonssonB. H.,
LindskogS.1997; The complete sequence, expression in Escherichia coli , purification and some properties of carbonic anhydrase from Neisseria gonorrhoeae
. Eur J Biochem 244:755–760[CrossRef]
ErikssonM.,
KarlssonJ.,
RamazanovZ.,
GardestromP.,
SamuelssonG.1996; Discovery of an algal mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase: molecular cloning and characterisation of a low-CO2-induced polypeptide in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:12031–12034[CrossRef]
FawcettT. W.,
BrowseJ. A.,
VolokitaM.,
BartlettS. G.1990; Spinach carbonic anhydrase primary structure deduced from the sequence of a cDNA clone. J Biol Chem 265:5414–5417
HiltonenT.,
BjorkbackaH.,
ForsmanC.,
ClarkeA. K.,
SamuelssonG.1998; Intracellular β -carbonic anhydrase of the unicellular green alga Coccomyxa . Cloning of the cDNA and characterization of the functional enzyme overexpressed in Escherichia coli
. Plant Physiol 117:1341–1349[CrossRef]
KarlssonJ.,
ClarkeA. K.,
ChenZ. Y.,
HugghinsS. Y.,
ParkY.-I.,
HusicH. D.,
MoroneyJ. V.,
SamuelssonG.1998; A novel alpha-type carbonic anhydrase associated with the thylakoid membrane in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is required at ambient CO2
. EMBO J 17:1208–1216[CrossRef]
KatzmanG. L.,
CarlsonS. J.,
MarcusY.,
MoroneyJ. V.,
TogasakiR. K.1994; Carbonic anhydrase activity in isolated chloroplasts of wild-type and high-CO2-dependent mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as studied by a new assay. Plant Physiol 105:1197–1202
NafiB. M.,
MilesR. J.,
ButlerL. O.,
CarterN. D.,
KellyC.,
JefferyS.1990; Expression of carbonic anhydrase in neisseriae and other heterotrophic bacteria. J Med Microbiol 32:1–7[CrossRef]
NishiyamaY.,
YamamotoH.,
AllakhverdievS. I.,
InabaM.,
YokotaA.,
MurataN.2001; Oxidative stress inhibits the repair of photodamage to the photosynthetic machinery. EMBO J 20:5587–5594[CrossRef]
ParkY.-I.,
KarlssonJ.,
RojdestvenskiI.,
ProninaN.,
KlimovV.,
OquistG.,
SamuelssonG.1999; Role of a novel photosystem II-associated carbonic anhydrase in photosynthetic carbon assimilation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
. FEBS Lett 444:102–105[CrossRef]
PorraR. J.,
ThompsonW. A.,
KriedemannP. E.1989; Determination of accurate extinction coefficients and simultaneous equations for assaying chlorophylls a and b extracted with four different solvents: verification of the concentrations of chlorophyll standards by absorption spectroscopy. Biochim Biophys Acta 975:384–394[CrossRef]
RippkaR.,
DeReuellesJ.,
WaterburyJ. B.,
HerdmanM.,
StanierR. Y.1979; Generic assignments, strain histories and properties of pure cultures of cyanobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 111:1–61[CrossRef]
SoA. K.,
Van SpallH. G. C.,
ColemanJ. R.,
EspieO. S.1998; Catalytic exchange of 18O from 13C18O-labelled CO2 by wild type cells and ecaA , ecaB , and ccaA mutants of the cyanobacteria Synechococcus PCC 7942 and Synechocystis PCC 6803. Can J Bot 76:1153–1160
SoA. K.,
EspieG. S.,
WilliamsE. B.,
ShivelyJ. M.,
HeinhorstS.,
CannonG. C.2004; A novel evolutionary lineage of carbonic anhydrase (epsilon class) is a component of the carboxysome shell. J Bacteriol 186:623–630[CrossRef]
Soltes-RakE.,
MulliganM. E.,
ColemanJ. R.1997; Identification and characterization of gene encoding a vertebrate-type carbonic anhydrase in cyanobacteria. J Bacteriol 179:769–774
ZavarzinG. A.,
OrleanskiiV. K.,
GerasimenkoL. M.,
PushkoS. N.,
UshatinskayaG. T.2003; Laboratory simulations of cyanobacterial mats of the alkaline geochemical barrier. Mikrobiologiia 72:80–85