1887

Microbiology Society logo

Volume 160, Issue 11

complex biology: environment and fungal pathogenicity Free

Abstract

is a complex of various species of fungus found in soils, plants, decaying vegetables and other outdoor environments. It is the aetiological agent of sporotrichosis in humans and several animals. Humans and animals can acquire the disease through traumatic inoculation of the fungus into subcutaneous tissue. Despite the importance of sporotrichosis, it being currently regarded as an emergent disease in several countries, the factors driving its increasing medical importance are still largely unknown. There have only been a few studies addressing the influence of the environment on the virulence of these pathogens. However, recent studies have demonstrated that adverse conditions in its natural habitats can trigger the expression of different virulence factors that confer survival advantages both in animal hosts and in the environment. In this review, we provide updates on the important advances in the understanding of the biology of and the modification of its virulence linked to demonstrated or putative environmental factors.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
© Microbiology Society
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.081794-0
2014-11-01
2024-04-19
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/micro/160/11/2352.html?itemId=/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.081794-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Almeida-Paes R., Frases S., Fialho Monteiro P. C., Gutierrez-Galhardo M. C., Zancopé-Oliveira R. M., Nosanchuk J. D. ( 2009). Growth conditions influence melanization of Brazilian clinical Sporothrix schenckii isolates. Microbes Infect 11:554–562 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Alves L. L., Travassos L. R., Previato J. O., Mendonça-Previato L. ( 1994). Novel antigenic determinants from peptidorhamnomannans of Sporothrix schenckii . Glycobiology 4:281–288 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Alviano C. S., Pereira M. E. A., Souza W., Oda L. M., Travassos L. R. ( 1982). Sialic acids are surface components of Sporothrix schenckii yeast forms. FEMS Microbiol Lett 15:223–228 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Alviano C. S., Travassos L. R., Schauer R. ( 1999). Sialic acids in fungi: a minireview. Glycoconj J 16:545–554 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Anahid S., Yaghmaei S., Ghobadinejad Z. ( 2011). Heavy metal tolerance of fungi. Scientia Iranica 18:502–508 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Aung A. K., Teh B. M., McGrath C., Thompson P. J. ( 2013). Pulmonary sporotrichosis: case series and systematic analysis of literature on clinico-radiological patterns and management outcomes. Med Mycol 51:534–544 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Aviv G., Tsyba K., Steck N., Salmon-Divon M., Cornelius A., Rahav G., Grassl G. A., Gal-Mor O. ( 2014). A unique megaplasmid contributes to stress tolerance and pathogenicity of an emergent Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis strain. Environ Microbiol 16:977–994 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Basaga H. S. ( 1990). Biochemical aspects of free radicals. Biochem Cell Biol 68:989–998 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Bates M. L., Reid W. W., White J. D. ( 1976). Duality of pathways in the oxidation of ergosterol to its peroxide in vivo . J Chem Soc Chem Commun 44–45:
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Baumgardner D. J. ( 2012). Soil-related bacterial and fungal infections. J Am Board Family Med 25:734–744 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Borges T. S., Rossi C. N., Fedullo J. D., Taborda C. P., Larsson C. E. ( 2013). Isolation of Sporothrix schenckii from the claws of domestic cats (indoor and outdoor) and in captivity in São Paulo (Brazil). Mycopathologia 176:129–137 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Bustamante B., Campos P. E. ( 2001). Endemic sporotrichosis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 14:145–149 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Carlos I. Z., Zini M. M., Sgarbi D. B., Angluster J., Alviano C. S., Silva C. L. ( 1994). Disturbances in the production of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor in disseminated murine sporotrichosis. Mycopathologia 127:189–194 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Carlos I. Z., Sgarbi D. B., Santos G. C., Placeres M. C. ( 2003). Sporothrix schenckii lipid inhibits macrophage phagocytosis: involvement of nitric oxide and tumour necrosis factor-α. Scand J Immunol 57:214–220 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Carlos I. Z., Sassá M. F., da Graça Sgarbi D. B., Placeres M. C., Maia D. C. ( 2009). Current research on the immune response to experimental sporotrichosis. Mycopathologia 168:1–10 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Carrada-Bravo T., Olvera-Macías M. I. ( 2013). New observations on the ecology and epidemiology of Sporothrix schenckii and sporotrichosis. Rev Latinoamer Patol Clin 60:5–24
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Casadevall A., Steenbergen J. N., Nosanchuk J. D. ( 2003). ‘Ready made’ virulence and ‘dual use’ virulence factors in pathogenic environmental fungi – the Cryptococcus neoformans paradigm. Curr Opin Microbiol 6:332–337 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Castellani A. ( 1967). Maintenance and cultivation of the common pathogenic fungi of man in sterile distilled water. Further researches. J Trop Med Hyg 70:181–184
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Castro R. A., Kubitschek-Barreira P. H., Teixeira P. A., Sanches G. F., Teixeira M. M., Quintella L. P., Almeida S. R., Costa R. O., Camargo Z. P. & other authors ( 2013). Differences in cell morphometry, cell wall topography and gp70 expression correlate with the virulence of Sporothrix brasiliensis clinical isolates. PLoS ONE 8:e75656 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Cerniglia C. E. ( 1997). Fungal metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: past, present and future applications in bioremediation. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 19:324–333 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Chao H. J., Chan C. C., Rao C. Y., Lee C. T., Chuang Y. C., Chiu Y. H., Hsu H. H., Wu Y. H. ( 2012). The effects of transported Asian dust on the composition and concentration of ambient fungi in Taiwan. Int J Biometeorol 56:211–219 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Chaturvedi V. P., Randhawa H. S., Chaturvedi S., Khan Z. U. ( 1988). In vitro interactions between Blastomyces dermatitidis and other zoopathogenic fungi. Can J Microbiol 34:897–900 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Colon-Colon W., Rodriguez-del Valle N. ( 1993). Studies on phase transitions in Sporothrix schenckii: possible involvement of protein kinase C. Dimorphic Fungi Biol. Med.225–239 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Cooke W. B., Foter M. J. ( 1958). Fungi in used bedding materials. Appl Microbiol 6:169–173[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Criseo G., Malara G., Romeo O., Puglisi Guerra A. ( 2008). Lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis in an immunocompetent patient: a case report from extreme southern Italy. Mycopathologia 166:159–162 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Cunningham K. M., Bulmer G. S., Rhoades E. R. ( 1979). Phagocytosis and intracellular fate of Sporothrix schenckii . J Infect Dis 140:815–817 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  27. da Graça Sgarbi D. B., da Silva A. J. R., Carlos I. Z., Silva C. L., Angluster J., Alviano C. S. ( 1997). Isolation of ergosterol peroxide and its reversion to ergosterol in the pathogenic fungus Sporothrix schenckii . Mycopathologia 139:9–14 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Da Rosa D., Gezuele E., Calegari L., Goñi F. ( 2009). Excretion–secretion products and proteases from live Sporothrix schenckii yeast phase: immunological detection and cleavage of human IgG. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 51:1–7 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Davies B., Chattings L. S., Edwards S. W. ( 1991). Superoxide generation during phagocytosis by Acanthamoeba castellanii: similarities to the respiratory burst of immune phagocytes. J Gen Microbiol 137:705–710 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  30. de Beurmann L., Gougerot H. ( 1912). Les Sporotrichoses Paris: Felix Alcan;
     [Google Scholar]
  31. de Capriles C. H., Essayag S. M., Lander A., Camacho R. ( 1993). Experimental pathogenicity of Sporothrix schenckii preserved in water (Castellani). Mycopathologia 122:129–133 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  32. de Hoog G. S. ( 1974). The genera Blastobotrys, Sporothrix, Calcarisporium and Calcarisporiella gen. nov.. Stud Mycol 7:1–84
     [Google Scholar]
  33. de Lima Barros M. B., Costa D. L., Schubach T. M., do Valle A. C., Lorenzi N. P., Teixeira J. L., Schubach A. O. ( 2008). Endemic of zoonotic sporotrichosis: profile of cases in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 27:246–250 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  34. de Lima Barros M. B., Schubach T. P., Coll J. O., Gremião I. D., Wanke B., Schubach A. ( 2010). Sporotrichosis: development and challenges of an epidemic. Rev Panam Salud Publica 27:455–460[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  35. de Lima Barros M. B., de Almeida Paes R., Schubach A. O. ( 2011). Sporothrix schenckii and sporotrichosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 24:633–654 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  36. de Moraes, Borba C., da Silva A. M., de Oliveira P. C. ( 1992). Long-time survival and morphological stability of preserved Sporothrix schenckii strains. Mycoses 35:185–188 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  37. de Souza Lacerda C. M., do Nascimento Martins E. M., de Resende M. A., de Andrade A. S. R. ( 2011). Gamma radiation effects on Sporothrix schenckii yeast cells. Mycopathologia 171:395–401 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Dias N. M., Oliveira M. M. E., Portela M. A., Santos C., Zancope-Oliveira R. M., Lima N. ( 2011). Sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix mexicana, Portugal. Emerg Infect Dis 17:1975–1976 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Dixon D. M., Salkin I. F., Duncan R. A., Hurd N. J., Haines J. H., Kemna M. E., Coles F. B. ( 1991). Isolation and characterization of Sporothrix schenckii from clinical and environmental sources associated with the largest U.S. epidemic of sporotrichosis. J Clin Microbiol 29:1106–1113[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Dunstan R. W., Langham R. F., Reimann K. A., Wakenell P. S. ( 1986). Feline sporotrichosis: a report of five cases with transmission to humans. J Am Acad Dermatol 15:37–45 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Edwards C., Reuther W. L. III, Greer D. L. ( 2000). Disseminated osteoarticular sporotrichosis: treatment in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. South Med J 93:803–806 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Eisenman H. C., Casadevall A. ( 2012). Synthesis and assembly of fungal melanin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 93:931–940 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Feeney K. T., Arthur I. H., Whittle A. J., Altman S. A., Speers D. J. ( 2007). Outbreak of sporotrichosis, Western Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 13:1228–1231 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Fernandes K. S., Neto E. H., Brito M. M., Silva J. S., Cunha F. Q., Barja-Fidalgo C. ( 2008). Detrimental role of endogenous nitric oxide in host defence against Sporothrix schenckii . Immunology 123:469–479 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Fernandes G. F., Do Amaral C. C., Sasaki A., Godoy P. M., De Camargo Z. P. ( 2009). Heterogeneity of proteins expressed by Brazilian Sporothrix schenckii isolates. Med Mycol 47:855–861 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Fernandes G. F., dos Santos P. O., Rodrigues A. M., Sasaki A. A., Burger E., de Camargo Z. P. ( 2013). Characterization of virulence profile, protein secretion and immunogenicity of different Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto isolates compared with S. globosa and S. brasiliensis species. Virulence 4:241–249 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Fernández-Silva F., Capilla J., Mayayo E., Guarro J. ( 2012). Virulence of Sporothrix luriei in a murine model of disseminated infection. Mycopathologia 173:245–249 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Figueiredo C. C., Deccache P. M., Lopes-Bezerra L. M., Morandi V. ( 2007). TGF-β1 induces transendothelial migration of the pathogenic fungus Sporothrix schenckii by a paracellular route involving extracellular matrix proteins. Microbiology 153:2910–2921 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Freitas D. F., de Siqueira Hoagland B., do Valle A. C., Fraga B. B., de Barros M. B., de Oliveira Schubach A., de Almeida-Paes R., Cuzzi T., Rosalino C. M. & other authors ( 2012). Sporotrichosis in HIV-infected patients: report of 21 cases of endemic sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Med Mycol 50:170–178 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Gadd G. M. ( 1993). Interactions of fungi with toxic metals. New Phytol 124:25–60 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Galhardo M. C. G., Silva M. T. T., Lima M. A., Nunes E. P., Schettini L. E. C., de Freitas R. F., de Almeida Paes R., de Sousa Neves E. , do Valle A. C. F. ( 2010). Sporothrix schenckii meningitis in AIDS during immune reconstitution syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 81:696–699 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Gauthier G., Klein B. S. ( 2008). Insights into fungal morphogenesis and immune evasion: fungal conidia, when situated in mammalian lungs, may switch from mold to pathogenic yeasts or spore-forming spherules. Microbe Wash DC 3:416–423[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Gessler N. N., Egorova A. S., Belozerskaya T. A. ( 2014). Melanin pigments of fungi under extreme environmental conditions. Appl Biochem Microbiol 50:105–113 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Gewehr P., Jung B., Aquino V., Manfro R. C., Spuldaro F., Rosa R. G., Goldani L. Z. ( 2013). Sporotrichosis in renal transplant patients. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 24:e47–e49[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Ghosh A., Maity P. K., Hemashettar B. M., Sharma V. K., Chakrabarti A. ( 2002). Physiological characters of Sporothrix schenckii isolates. Mycoses 45:449–454[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Gómez B. L., Nosanchuk J. D. ( 2003). Melanin and fungi. Curr Opin Infect Dis 16:91–96 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Gostinčar C., Grube M., Gunde-Cimerman N. ( 2011). Evolution of fungal pathogens in domestic environments?. Fungal Biol 115:1008–1018 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Gürcan S., Konuk E., Kiliç H., Otkun M., Ener B. ( 2007). Sporotrichosis, a disease rarely reported from Turkey, and an overview of Turkish literature. Mycoses 50:426–429 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Guzman-Beltran S., Perez-Torres A., Coronel-Cruz C., Torres-Guerrero H. ( 2012). Phagocytic receptors on macrophages distinguish between different Sporothrix schenckii morphotypes. Microbes Infect 14:1093–1101 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Haddad V. Jr, Miot H. A., Bartoli L. D., Cardoso A. C., Camargo R. P. ( 2002a). Cutaneous sporotricosis associated with a puncture in the dorsal fin of a fish (Tilapia sp.): report of a case. Medical Mycol 40:425–427 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Haddad, V., Miot, H. A., Bartoli L. D., De Chiara A. C., Pires R. M. C. ( 2002b). Localized lymphatic sporotrichosis after fish-induced injury (Tilapia sp.). Med Mycol 40:425–427 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Hay R. J., Morris-Jones R. ( 2008). Outbreaks of sporotrichosis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 21:119–121 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Hektoen L., Perkins C. F. ( 1900). Refractory subcutaneous abscesses caused by Sporothrix schenckii: a new pathogenic fungus. J Exp Med 5:77–89 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Hernández-Santos N., Gaffen S. L. ( 2012). Th17 cells in immunity to Candida albicans . Cell Host Microbe 11:425–435 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Hou B., Zhang Z., Zheng F., Liu X. ( 2013). Molecular cloning, characterization and differential expression of DRK1 in Sporothrix schenckii . Int J Mol Med 31:99–104[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Jarosławiecka A., Piotrowska-Seget Z. ( 2014). Lead resistance in micro-organisms. Microbiology 160:12–25 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Kacprzak M., Malina G. ( 2005). The tolerance and Zn2+, Ba2+ and Fe3+ accumulation by Trichoderma atroviride and Mortierella exigua isolated from contaminated soil. Can J Soil Sci 85:283–290 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Kaplan J., McVey Ward D., Crisp R. J., Philpott C. C. ( 2006). Iron-dependent metabolic remodeling in S. cerevisiae. . Biochim Biophys Acta 1763:646–651 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Kauffman C. A. ( 1999). Sporotrichosis. Clin Infect Dis 29:231–237 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Kazanas N. ( 1987). Pathogenic fungi isolated from desiccated mushrooms, seaweed, anchovies and rice sticks imported from the Orient. J Food Protection 50:933–939
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Kitajima Y. ( 2000). Structural and biochemical characteristics of pathogenic fungus: cell walls, lipids and dimorphism, and action modes of antifungal agents. Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi 41:211–217 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  72. Klein B. S., Tebbets B. ( 2007). Dimorphism and virulence in fungi. Curr Opin Microbiol 10:314–319 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  73. Kosman D. J. ( 2003). Molecular mechanisms of iron uptake in fungi. Mol Microbiol 47:1185–1197 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Lee B. U., Park S. C., Cho Y. S., Kahng H. Y., Oh K. H. ( 2008). Expression and characterization of the TNT nitroreductase of Pseudomonas sp. HK-6 in Escherichia coli . Curr Microbiol 56:386–390 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Lima O. C., Figueiredo C. C., Pereira B. A., Coelho M. G., Morandi V., Lopes-Bezerra L. M. ( 1999). Adhesion of the human pathogen Sporothrix schenckii to several extracellular matrix proteins. Braz J Med Biol Res 32:651–657 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Lima O. C., Figueiredo C. C., Previato J. O., Mendonça-Previato L., Morandi V., Bezerra L. M. L. ( 2001). Involvement of fungal cell wall components in adhesion of Sporothrix schenckii to human fibronectin. Infect Immun 69:6874–6880 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  77. Lima O. C., Bouchara J. P., Renier G., Marot-Leblond A., Chabasse D., Lopes-Bezerra L. M. ( 2004). Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry analysis of fibronectin and laminin binding to Sporothrix schenckii yeast cells and conidia. Microb Pathog 37:131–140 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Liu X., Lin X. ( 2001). A case of cutaneous disseminated sporotrichosis. J Dermatol 28:95–99 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Lloret A., Hartmann K., Pennisi M. G., Ferrer L., Addie D., Belák S., Boucraut-Baralon C., Egberink H., Frymus T. & other authors ( 2013). Sporotrichosis in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg 15:619–623 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Lopes-Bezerra L. M., Schubach A., Costa R. O. ( 2006). Sporothrix schenckii and sporotrichosis. An Acad Bras Cienc 78:293–308 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  81. López-Esparza A., Álvarez-Vargas A., Mora-Montes H. M., Hernández-Cervantes A., Del Carmen Cano-Canchola M., Flores-Carreón A. ( 2013). Isolation of Sporothrix schenckii GDA1 and functional characterization of the encoded guanosine diphosphatase activity. Arch Microbiol 195:499–506 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  82. López-Romero E., del Rocío Reyes-Montes M., Pérez-Torres A., Ruiz-Baca E., Villagómez-Castro J. C., Mora-Montes H. M., Flores-Carreón A., Toriello C. ( 2011). Sporothrix schenckii complex and sporotrichosis, an emerging health problem. Future Microbiol 6:85–102 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Madrid H., Cano J., Gené J., Bonifaz A., Toriello C., Guarro J. ( 2009). Sporothrix globosa, a pathogenic fungus with widespread geographical distribution. Rev Iberoam Micol 26:218–222 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Madrid I. M., Xavier M. O., Mattei A. S., Fernandes C. G., Guim T. N., Santin R., Schuch L. F. D., Nobre M. O., Araújo Meireles M. C. ( 2010). Role of melanin in the pathogenesis of cutaneous sporotrichosis. Microbes Infect 12:162–165 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  85. Marimon R., Gené J., Cano J., Trilles L., Dos Santos Lazéra M., Guarro J. ( 2006). Molecular phylogeny of Sporothrix schenckii . J Clin Microbiol 44:3251–3256 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Marimon R., Cano J., Gené J., Sutton D. A., Kawasaki M., Guarro J. ( 2007). Sporothrix brasiliensis, S. globosa, and S. mexicana, three new Sporothrix species of clinical interest. J Clin Microbiol 45:3198–3206 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Marimon R., Gené J., Cano J., Guarro J. ( 2008a). Sporothrix luriei: a rare fungus from clinical origin. Med Mycol 46:621–625 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Marimon R., Serena C., Gené J., Cano J., Guarro J. ( 2008b). In vitro antifungal susceptibilities of five species of Sporothrix . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:732–734 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Mendoza M., Alvarado P., Díaz de Torres E., Lucena L., de Albornoz M. C. ( 2005). Physiological comportment and in vitro sensitivity of Sporothrix schenckii isolates maintained for 18 years by two preservation methods. Rev Iberoam Micol 22:151–156 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  90. Monod M., Capoccia S., Léchenne B., Zaugg C., Holdom M., Jousson O. ( 2002). Secreted proteases from pathogenic fungi. Int J Med Microbiol 292:405–419 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Mora-Montes H. M., Ponce-Noyola P., Villagómez-Castro J. C., Gow N. A. R., Flores-Carreón A., López-Romero E. ( 2009). Protein glycosylation in Candida . Future Microbiol 4:1167–1183 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Morehart A. L., Larsh H. W. ( 1967). Laboratory examination of organic fungicides against zoopathogenic fungi in soil. Appl Microbiol 15:1248–1251[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Morris-Jones R., Youngchim S., Gomez B. L., Aisen P., Hay R. J., Nosanchuk J. D., Casadevall A., Hamilton A. J. ( 2003). Synthesis of melanin-like pigments by Sporothrix schenckii in vitro and during mammalian infection. Infect Immun 71:4026–4033 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Nascimento R. C., Almeida S. R. ( 2005). Humoral immune response against soluble and fractionate antigens in experimental sporotrichosis. Immun Med Microb 43:241–247 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  95. Nascimento R. C., Espíndola N. M., Castro R. A., Teixeira P. A., Loureiro y Penha C. V., Lopes-Bezerra L. M., Almeida S. R. ( 2008). Passive immunization with monoclonal antibody against a 70-kDa putative adhesin of Sporothrix schenckii induces protection in murine sporotrichosis. Eur J Immunol 38:3080–3089 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  96. Negrini T. de C., Ferreira L. S., Alegranci P., Arthur R. A., Sundfeld P. P., Maia D. C. G, Spolidorio L. C., Carlos I. Z. ( 2013). Role of TLR-2 and fungal surface antigens on innate immune response against Sporothrix schenckii . Immunol Invest 42:36–48 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  97. Negrini T. de C., Ferreira L. S., Arthur R. A., Alegranci P., Placeres M. C. P., Spolidorio L. C., Carlos I. Z. ( 2014). Influence of TLR-2 in the immune response in the infection induced by fungus Sporothrix schenckii . Immunol Invest 43:370–390 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Nemecek J. C., Wüthrich M., Klein B. S. ( 2006). Global control of dimorphism and virulence in fungi. Science 312:583–588 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  99. Niedbala W., Cai B., Liu H., Pitman N., Chang L., Liew F. Y. ( 2007). Nitric oxide induces CD4+CD25+ Foxp3− regulatory T cells from CD4+CD25− T cells via p53, IL-2, and OX40. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:15478–15483 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Niedbala W., Alves-Filho J. C., Fukada S. Y., Vieira S. M., Mitani A., Sonego F., Mirchandani A., Nascimento D. C., Cunha F. Q., Liew F. Y. ( 2011). Regulation of type 17 helper T-cell function by nitric oxide during inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:9220–9225 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Niedbala W., Besnard A. G., Jiang H. R., Alves-Filho J. C., Fukada S. Y., Nascimento D., Mitani A., Pushparaj P., Alqahtani M. H., Liew F. Y. ( 2013). Nitric oxide-induced regulatory T cells inhibit Th17 but not Th1 cell differentiation and function. J Immunol 191:164–170 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  102. Noriega C. T., Garay R. R., Sabanero G., Basurto R. T., López M. S. ( 1993). [Sporothrix schenckii: cultures in different soils]. Rev Latinoam Microbiol 35:191–194 (in Spanish) [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  103. Nosanchuk J. D., Casadevall A. ( 2006). Impact of melanin on microbial virulence and clinical resistance to antimicrobial compounds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:3519–3528 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  104. Nusbaum B. P., Gulbas N., Horwitz S. N. ( 1983). Sporotrichosis acquired from a cat. J Am Acad Dermatol 8:386–391 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  105. Oda L. M., Kubelka C. F., Alviano C. S., Travassos L. R. ( 1983). Ingestion of yeast forms of Sporothrix schenckii by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Infect Immun 39:497–504
     [Google Scholar]
  106. Ojeda T., Rodríguez-Pichardo A., Suárez A. I., Camacho F. M. ( 2011). Sporotrichosis in Seville (Spain). Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 29:233–234 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  107. Oliveira M. M. E., Almeida-Paes R., Gutierrez-Galhardo M. C., Zancope-Oliveira R. M. ( 2014). Molecular identification of the Sporothrix schenckii complex. Rev Iberoam Micol 31:2–6 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  108. Pasarell L., McGinnis M. R. ( 1992). Viability of fungal cultures maintained at −70°C. J Clin Microbiol 30:1000–1004[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  109. Pečiulytė D. ( 2010). Effect of long-term industrial pollution on microorganisms in soil of deciduous forests situated along a pollution gradient next to a fertilizer factory 3. Species diversity and community structure of soil fungi. Ekologija 56:132–143 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  110. Pérez-Sánchez L., González E., Colón-Lorenzo E. E., González-Velázquez W., González-Méndez R., Rodríguez-del Valle N. ( 2010). Interaction of the heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunit SSG-1 of Sporothrix schenckii with proteins related to stress response and fungal pathogenicity using a yeast two-hybrid assay. BMC Microbiol 10:317 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  111. Pietrella D., Pandey N., Gabrielli E., Pericolini E., Perito S., Kasper L., Bistoni F., Cassone A., Hube B., Vecchiarelli A. ( 2013). Secreted aspartic proteases of Candida albicans activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. Eur J Immunol 43:679–692 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  112. Prenafeta-Boldú F. X., Summerbell R., de Hoog G. S. ( 2006). Fungi growing on aromatic hydrocarbons: biotechnology’s unexpected encounter with biohazard?. FEMS Microbiol Rev 30:109–130 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  113. Ramos-e-Silva M., Lima C. M., Schechtman R. C., Trope B. M., Carneiro S. ( 2012). Systemic mycoses in immunodepressed patients (AIDS). Clin Dermatol 30:616–627 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  114. Ranjana K. H., Chakrabarti A., Kulachandra M., Lokendra K., Devendra H. ( 2001). Sporotrichosis in Manipur: report of two cases. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 67:86–88[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  115. Read S. I., Sperling L. C. ( 1982). Feline sporotrichosis. Transmission to man. Arch Dermatol 118:429–431 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  116. Reed K. D., Moore F. M., Geiger G. E., Stemper M. E. ( 1993). Zoonotic transmission of sporotrichosis: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 16:384–387 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  117. Rivera-Rodríguez N., Rodríguez-del Valle N. ( 1992). Effects of calcium ions on the germination of Sporothrix schenckii conidia. J Med Vet Mycol 30:185–195 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  118. Rocha M. M., Dassin T., Lira R., Lima E. L., Severo L. C., Londero A. T. ( 2001). Sporotrichosis in patient with AIDS: report of a case and review. Rev Iberoam Micol 18:133–136[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  119. Rodrigues A. M., de Hoog S., de Camargo Z. P. ( 2013a). Emergence of pathogenicity in the Sporothrix schenckii complex. Med Mycol 51:405–412 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  120. Rodrigues A. M., de Melo Teixeira M., de Hoog G. S., Schubach T. M., Pereira S. A., Fernandes G. F., Bezerra L. M., Felipe M. S., de Camargo Z. P. ( 2013b). Phylogenetic analysis reveals a high prevalence of Sporothrix brasiliensis in feline sporotrichosis outbreaks. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7:e2281 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  121. Rodriguez-Caban J., Gonzalez-Velazquez W., Perez-Sanchez L., Gonzalez-Mendez R., Rodriguez-del Valle N. ( 2011). Calcium/calmodulin kinase1 and its relation to thermotolerance and HSP90 in Sporothrix schenckii: an RNAi and yeast two-hybrid study. BMC Microbiol 11:162 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  122. Romeo O., Criseo G. ( 2013). What lies beyond genetic diversity in Sporothrix schenckii species complex? New insights into virulence profiles, immunogenicity and protein secretion in S. schenckii sensu stricto isolates. Virulence 4:203–206 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  123. Romeo O., Scordino F., Criseo G. ( 2011). New insight into molecular phylogeny and epidemiology of Sporothrix schenckii species complex based on calmodulin-encoding gene analysis of Italian isolates. Mycopathologia 172:179–186 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  124. Romero-Martinez R., Wheeler M., Guerrero-Plata A., Rico G., Torres-Guerrero H. ( 2000). Biosynthesis and functions of melanin in Sporothrix schenckii . Infect Immun 68:3696–3703 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  125. Rosas A. L., Casadevall A. ( 1997). Melanization affects susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans to heat and cold. FEMS Microbiol Lett 153:265–272 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  126. Rosas A. L., Casadevall A. ( 2001). Melanization decreases the susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans to enzymatic degradation. Mycopathologia 151:53–56 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  127. Ruiz-Baca E., Toriello C., Pérez-Torres A., Sabanero-Lopez M., Villagómez-Castro J. C., López-Romero E. ( 2009). Isolation and some properties of a glycoprotein of 70 kDa (Gp70) from the cell wall of Sporothrix schenckii involved in fungal adherence to dermal extracellular matrix. Med Mycol 47:185–196 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  128. Sampermans S., Mortier J., Soares E. V. ( 2005). Flocculation onset in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: the role of nutrients. J Appl Microbiol 98:525–531 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  129. Sasaki A. A., Fernandes G. F., Rodrigues A. M., Lima F. M., Marini M. M., Feitosa L. dos S., de Melo Teixeira M., Felipe M. S. S., da Silveira J. F., de Camargo Z. P. ( 2014). Chromosomal polymorphism in the Sporothrix schenckii complex. PLoS ONE 9:e86819 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  130. Sassá M. F., Ferreira L. S., de Abreu Ribeiro L. C., Carlos I. Z. ( 2012). Immune response against Sporothrix schenckii in TLR-4-deficient mice. Mycopathologia 174:21–30 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  131. Schaible U. E., Kaufmann S. H. ( 2004). Iron and microbial infection. Nat Rev Microbiol 2:946–953 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  132. Schenck B. R. ( 1898). On refractory subcutaneous abscesses caused by a fungus possibly related to the Sporotricha . Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 9:286–290
     [Google Scholar]
  133. Schubach T. M., Valle A. C., Gutierrez-Galhardo M. C., Monteiro P. C., Reis R. S., Zancopé-Oliveira R. M., Marzochi K. B., Schubach A. ( 2001). Isolation of Sporothrix schenckii from the nails of domestic cats (Felis catus). Med Mycol 39:147–149 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  134. Schubach T. M. P., de Oliveira Schubach A., dos Reis R. S., Cuzzi-Maya T., Blanco T. C. M., Monteiro D. F., de Lima, Barros M. B., Brustein R., Zancopé-Oliveira R. M. & other authors ( 2002). Sporothrix schenckii isolated from domestic cats with and without sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mycopathologia 153:83–86 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  135. Scott E. N., Muchmore H. G. ( 1989). Immunoblot analysis of antibody responses to Sporothrix schenckii . J Clin Microbiol 27:300–304[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  136. Serrano S., Rodríguez-del Valle N. ( 1990). Calcium uptake and efflux during the yeast to mycelium transition in Sporothrix schenckii . Mycopathologia 112:1–9 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  137. Silva-Vergara M. L., Maneira F. R., De Oliveira R. M., Santos C. T., Etchebehere R. M., Adad S. J. ( 2005). Multifocal sporotrichosis with meningeal involvement in a patient with AIDS. Med Mycol 43:187–190 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  138. Silva-Vergara M. L., de Camargo Z. P., Silva P. F., Abdalla M. R., Sgarbieri R. N., Rodrigues A. M., dos Santos K. C., Barata C. H., Ferreira-Paim K. ( 2012). Disseminated Sporothrix brasiliensis infection with endocardial and ocular involvement in an HIV-infected patient. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86:477–480 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  139. Smilack J. D. ( 1993). Zoonotic transmission of sporotrichosis. Clin Infect Dis 17:1075–1076 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  140. Staib F., Grosse G. ( 1983). Isolation of Sporothrix schenckii from the floor of an indoor swimming pool. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg B 177:499–506[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  141. Steenbergen J. N., Nosanchuk J. D., Malliaris S. D., Casadevall A. ( 2003). Cryptococcus neoformans virulence is enhanced after growth in the genetically malleable host Dictyostelium discoideum . Infect Immun 71:4862–4872 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  142. Steenbergen J. N., Nosanchuk J. D., Malliaris S. D., Casadevall A. ( 2004). Interaction of Blastomyces dermatitidis, Sporothrix schenckii, and Histoplasma capsulatum with Acanthamoeba castellanii . Infect Immun 72:3478–3488 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  143. Stopiglia C. D., Carissimi M., Daboit T. C., Stefani V., Corbellini V. A., Scroferneker M. L. ( 2013). Application of 6-nitrocoumarin as a substrate for the fluorescent detection of nitroreductase activity in Sporothrix schenckii . Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 55:353–356 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  144. Taborda C. P., da Silva M. B., Nosanchuk J. D., Travassos L. R. ( 2008). Melanin as a virulence factor of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and other dimorphic pathogenic fungi: a minireview. Mycopathologia 165:331–339 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  145. Teixeira P. A., de Castro R. A., Nascimento R. C., Tronchin G., Torres A. P., Lazéra M., de Almeida S. R., Bouchara J. P., Loureiro y Penha C. V., Lopes-Bezerra L. M. ( 2009). Cell surface expression of adhesins for fibronectin correlates with virulence in Sporothrix schenckii . Microbiology 155:3730–3738 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  146. Torres-Guerrero H., Arenas-López G. ( 1998). UV irradiation induced high frequency of colonial variants with altered morphology in Sporothrix schenckii . Med Mycol 36:81–87 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  147. Travassos L. R., Lloyd K. O. ( 1980). Sporothrix schenckii and related species of Ceratocystis . Microbiol Rev 44:683–721[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  148. Travassos L. R., de Sousa W., Mendonça-Previato L., Lloyd K. O. ( 1977). Location and biochemical nature of surface components reacting with concanavalin A in different cell types of Sporothrix schenckii . Exp Mycol 1:293–305 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  149. Trotter J. R., Sriaroon P., Berman D., Petrovic A., Leiding J. W. ( 2014). Sporothrix schenckii lymphadentitis in a male with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. J Clin Immunol 34:49–52 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  150. Ulfig K. ( 1994). The occurrence of keratinolytic fungi in the polluted environment of the Labedy district in Gliwice. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 45:337–346[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  151. Ulfig K., Terakowski M., Lukasik W. ( 1996). A preliminary study on the occurrence of keratinolytic fungi in the street sweepings from Chorzów. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 47:143–149[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  152. Valentín-Berríos S., González-Velázquez W., Pérez-Sánchez L., González-Méndez R., Rodríguez-Del Valle N. ( 2009). Cytosolic phospholipase A2: a member of the signalling pathway of a new G protein α subunit in Sporothrix schenckii . BMC Microbiol 9:100 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  153. Valix M., Loon L. O. ( 2003). Adaptive tolerance behavior of fungi in heavy metals. Minerals Engng 16:193–198 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  154. Valix M., Tang J. Y., Malik R. ( 2001). Heavy metal tolerance of fungi. Minerals Engng 14:499–505 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  155. Valle-Aviles L., Valentin-Berrios S., Gonzalez-Mendez R. R., Rodriguez-Del Valle N. ( 2007). Functional, genetic and bioinformatic characterization of a calcium/calmodulin kinase gene in Sporothrix schenckii . BMC Microbiol 7:107 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  156. van Duin D., Casadevall A., Nosanchuk J. D. ( 2002). Melanization of Cryptococcus neoformans and Histoplasma capsulatum reduces their susceptibilities to amphotericin B and caspofungin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:3394–3400 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  157. Verstrepen K. J., Klis F. M. ( 2006). Flocculation, adhesion and biofilm formation in yeasts. Mol Microbiol 60:5–15 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  158. Verstrepen K. J., Derdelinckx G., Verachtert H., Delvaux F. R. ( 2003). Yeast flocculation: what brewers should know. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 61:197–205 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  159. Vilela R., Souza G. F., Fernandes Cota G., Mendoza L. ( 2007). Cutaneous and meningeal sporotrichosis in a HIV patient. Rev Iberoam Micol 24:161–163 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  160. Wang Y., Casadevall A. ( 1994a). Decreased susceptibility of melanized Cryptococcus neoformans to UV light. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:3864–3866[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  161. Wang Y., Casadevall A. ( 1994b). Susceptibility of melanized and nonmelanized Cryptococcus neoformans to nitrogen- and oxygen-derived oxidants. Infect Immun 62:3004–3007[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  162. Wang X. H., Li R. Y., Cao C. W., Wang Y. H., Liu W., Qiao J. J., Li Y. Z. ( 2008). Differential mRNA expression of Sporothrix schenckii catalase gene in two growth phases and effect factors. Chin Med J (Engl) 121:2100–2102[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  163. Weete J. D. ( 1989). Structure and function of sterols in fungi. Adv Lipid Res 23:115–167 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  164. Werner A. H., Werner B. E. ( 1994). Sporotrichosis in man and animal. Int J Dermatol 33:692–700 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  165. Wheeler M. H., Bell A. A. ( 1988). Melanins and their importance in pathogenic fungi. Curr Top Med Mycol 2338–387 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  166. Wroblewska M., Swoboda-Kopec E., Kawecki D., Sawicka-Grzelak A., Stelmach E., Luczak M. ( 2005). Infection by a dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii in an immunocompromised patient. Infection 33:289–291 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  167. Wu H., Downs D., Ghosh K., Ghosh A. K., Staib P., Monod M., Tang J. ( 2013). Candida albicans secreted aspartic proteases 4–6 induce apoptosis of epithelial cells by a novel Trojan horse mechanism. FASEB J 27:2132–2144 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  168. Xu J., Yang Q., Qian X., Samuelsson J., Janson J. C. ( 2007). Assessment of 4-nitro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride reductase activity in homogenates of bakers’ yeast by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 847:82–87 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  169. Yazdanparast S. A., Dargahi H., Shahrokhi S., Farahani R. H. ( 2013). Isolation and investigation of keratinophilic fungi in the parks of municipality districts of Tehran. Thrita J Med Sci 2:2–5 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  170. Yegneswaran P. P., Sripathi H., Bairy I., Lonikar V., Rao R., Prabhu S. ( 2009). Zoonotic sporotrichosis of lymphocutaneous type in a man acquired from a domesticated feline source: report of a first case in southern Karnataka, India. Int J Dermatol 48:1198–1200 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  171. Zafar S., Aqil F., Ahmad I. ( 2007). Metal tolerance and biosorption potential of filamentous fungi isolated from metal contaminated agricultural soil. Bioresour Technol 98:2557–2561 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  172. Zecconi A., Scali F. ( 2013). Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors in evasion from innate immune defenses in human and animal diseases. Immunol Lett 150:12–22 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  173. Zhang Z., Hou B., Xin Y., Liu X. ( 2012). Protein profiling of the dimorphic pathogenic fungus, Sporothrix schenckii . Mycopathologia 173:1–11 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  174. Zhang Z., Hou B., Zheng F., Yu X., Liu X. ( 2013). Molecular cloning, characterization and differential expression of a Sporothrix schenckii STE20-like protein kinase SsSte20. Int J Mol Med 31:1343–1348[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.081794-0
Loading
Sporothrixschenckii complex biology: environment and fungal pathogenicity
Microbiology 160, 2352 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.081794-0
/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.081794-0
/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.081794-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Most cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error