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Volume 171, Issue 2

the impact of stakeholder decision-making on antimicrobial resistance evolution Open Access

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance poses one of the greatest and most imminent threats to global health, environment and food security, for which an urgent response is mandated. Evolutionary approaches to tackling the crisis tend to focus on proximate issues including the mechanisms and pathways to resistance, with associated calls to action for infection control and antimicrobial stewardship. This is of clear benefit but overlooks the fundamental influence of policy and stakeholder decision-making on resistance evolution. In 1945, Fleming issued a stark warning on the irresponsible use of penicillin and its potential to cause death due to penicillin-resistant infections. Attention to resistance evolution theory and heeding Fleming’s advice could have allowed for a vastly different reality. Embedding evolutionary theory within policy, industry and regulatory bodies is not only essential but is now a race against time. Hence, critical appraisal of historical behaviour and attitudes at a global scale can inform a paradigm of anticipatory and adaptive policy. To undertake this exercise, we focused on the largest group of antibiotics with the greatest clinical and economic footprint, the beta-lactams. We examined historical case studies that affected how beta-lactams were developed, produced, approved and utilized, in order to relate stakeholder decision-making to resistance evolution. We derive lessons from these observations and propose sustainable approaches to curb resistance evolution. We set a position that actively incorporates an evolutionary theory of antimicrobial resistance into decision-making within antimicrobial development, production and stewardship.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
Keyword(s): antimicrobial resistance , global response to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) , policy and stewardship
Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • Wellcome Trust (Award 216779/Z/19/Z)
    • Principal Award Recipient: MatoLagator
© 2025 The Authors
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. This article was made open access via a Publish and Read agreement between the Microbiology Society and the corresponding author’s institution.
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2025-02-26
2025-12-12

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/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.001534
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Reflecting on Fleming’s caveat: the impact of stakeholder decision-making on antimicrobial resistance evolution
Microbiology 171, 001534 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.001534
/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.001534
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