In order to analyse the involvement of the cAMP pathway in the regulation of gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we have examined the effect of cAMP on protein synthesis by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. cAMP had only a minor effect on the protein pattern of cells growing exponentially on glucose. However, it interfered with the changes in gene expression normally occurring upon glucose exhaustion in yeast cultures, maintaining a protein pattern typical of cells growing on glucose. This effect was accompanied by a delay before growth recovery on ethanol. We propose a model in which the cAMP-signalling pathway has a role in the maintenance of gene expression, rather than in the determination of a specific programme. A decrease of cAMP would then be required for metabolic transitions such as the diauxic phase.
BatailléN.,
ThoravalD.,
BoucherieH.1988; Two-dimensional gel analysis of yeast proteins : application to the study of changes in the levels of major polypeptides of S. cerevisiae depending on the fermentable or non fermentable nature of the carbon source. Electrophoresis 9:774–780
BatailléN.,
RégnacqM.,
BoucherieH.1991; Induction of a heat-shock-type response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae following glucose limitation. Yeast 7:367–378
BissingerP. H.,
WieserR.,
HamiltonB.,
RuisH.1989; Control of Saccharomyces cerevisiae catalase gene (CTT1) expression by nutrient supply via the ras-cyclic AMP pathway. Mol Cell Biol 9:1309–1315
BoucherieH.,
DujardinG.,
KermogantM.,
MonribotC.,
SlonimskyP.,
PerrotM.1995; Two dimensional protein map of Saccharomyces cerevisiae : construction of a gene-protein index. Yeast 11:601–613
Boy-MarcotteE.,
GarreauH.,
JacquetM.1987; Cyclic AMP controls the switch between division cycle and resting state programs in response to ammonium availability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. Yeast 3:85–93
BradfordM. M.1976; A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein–dye binding. Anal Biochem 72:248–254
CamonisJ. H.,
KalékineM.,
GondréB.,
GarreauH.,
Boy-MarcotteE.,
JacquetM.1986; Characterization, cloning and sequence analysis of the CDC25 gene which controls the cyclic AMP level of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. EMBO J 5:375–380
CherryJ. R.,
JohnsonT. R.,
DollardC.,
ShusterJ. R.,
DenisC. L.1989; Cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase phosphorylates and inactivates the yeast transcriptional activator ADR1. Cell 56:409–419
Daignan-FornierB.,
VallensM.,
LemireB. D.,
Bolotin-FukuharaM.1988; In vivo functional characterization of a yeast nucleotide sequence: construction of a mini-Mu derivate adapted to yeast. Gene 62:45–54
DenisC. L.,
FontaineS. C.,
ChaseD.,
KempB. E.,
BemisL. T.1992; ADR1c mutations enhance the ability of ADR1 to activate transcription by a mechanism that is independent of effects on cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of Ser-230. Mol Cell Biol 12:1507–1514
EngelbergD.,
KleinC.,
MartinettoH.,
StruhlK.,
KarinM.1994a; The UV response involving the Ras signalling pathway and AP-1 transcription factors is conserved between yeast and mammals. Cell 77:381–390
FrançoisJ. M.,
SchaftingenE. V.,
HersH. G.1984; The mechanism by which glucose increases fructose-2,6-bisphosphate concentration in Saccharomyces cerevisiae A cyclic-AMP-dependent activation of phosphofructokinase 2. Eur J Biochem 145:187–193
FrançoisJ.,
ErasoP.,
GancedoC.1987; Changes in the concentration of cAMP, fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and related metabolites and enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during growth on glucose. Eur J Biochem 164:369–373
FrançoisJ. M.,
Thompson-JaegerS.,
SkrochJ.,
ZellenkaU.,
SpevakW.,
TatchellK.1992; GAC1 may encode a regulatory subunit for protein phosphatase type 1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. EMBO J 11:87–96
GimenoC. J.,
LjungdahlP. O.,
StylesC. A.,
FinkG. R.1992; Unipolar cell divisions in the yeast S. cerevisiae lead to filamentous growth: regulation by starvation and RAS. Cell 68:1077–1090
HardyT. A.,
HuangD.,
RoachP. J.1994; Interactions between cAMP dependent and SNF1 protein kinases in the control of glycogen accumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. J Biol Chem 269:27907–27913
KinneyA. J.,
CarmanG. M.1988; Phosphorylation of the yeast phosphatidylserine synthase in vivo and in vitro by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad SciUSA857962–7966
KleinC.,
StruhlK.1994; Protein kinase A mediates growth-regulated expression of yeast ribosomal protein genes by modulating RAP1 transcriptional activity. Mol Cell Biol 14:1920–1928
LewisJ. G.,
NorthcottC. J.,
LearmonthR. P.,
AttfieldP. V.,
WatsonK.1993; The need for consistent nomenclature and assessment of growth phases in diauxic cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. J Gen Microbiol 139:835–839
MarchlerG.,
SchüllerC.,
AdamG.,
RuisH.1993; A Saccharomyces cerevisiae UAS element controlled by protein kinase A activates transcription in response to a variety of stress conditions. EMBO J 12:1997–2003
RusselM.,
Bradshaw-RouseJ.,
MarkwardtD.,
HeidemanW.1993; Changes in gene expression in the Ras/adenylate cyclase system of S. cerevisiae: correlation with cAMP levels and growth. Mol Biol Cell 4:757–765
TatchellK.1993; RAS genes in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. Signal Transduction. Prokaryotic and Simple Eucaryotic Systems147–188KurjanJ.,
TaylorB. L.
San Diego: Academic Press;
TodaT.,
CameronS.,
SassP.,
ZollerM.,
WiglerM.1987; Three different genes in S. cerevisiae encode the catalytic subunits of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Cell 50:277–287
Van AelstL.,
Boy-MarcotteE.,
CamonisJ. H.,
TheveleinJ. M.,
JacquetM.1990; The C-terminal part of the CDC25 gene product plays a key role for signal transduction in the glucose-induced modulation of the cAMP level in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. Eur J Biochem 193:675–680
WilsonR. R.,
RenaultG.,
JacquetM.,
TatchellK.1993; The pde2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is allelic to rca1 and encodes a phosphodiesterase which protects the cell from extracellular cAMP. FEBS Lett 325:191–195