1887

Abstract

Summary: The extreme thermophile sp. strain Rt41A produces an extracellular alkaline serine proteinase during growth. This enzyme is stable for more than 24 h at 70C and has a pH optimum of 8-0. The proteinase gene was identified using primers designed to amplify a region between two highly conserved amino acid motifs in subtilisin-like proteinases and the PCR product was used to identify a genomic fragment containing the gene. The amino acid sequence deduced from the Rt41A gene contained a region identical to that obtained by amino-terminal sequencing of purified Rt41A proteinase. Comparison of the entire derived peptide sequence with other subtilisin-like serine proteinases revealed significant homologies, especially with aqualysin I from YT-1 and with exoprotease A from . The Rt41A proteinase was expressed in as a fusion protein with glutathione-S-transferase as an aid for purification and to overcome difficulties experienced with other plasmid vectors which produced inactive protein. The enzyme is inactive as synthesized and activation was shown to be temperature-dependent, with shorter incubation times required at higher temperatures; removal of the hydrophobic signal peptide from the start of the gene reduced the time required for activation to less than a third of that required if the signal peptide was present.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/micro/10.1099/13500872-141-7-1731
1995-07-01
2024-04-23
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/micro/141/7/mic-141-7-1731.html?itemId=/content/journal/micro/10.1099/13500872-141-7-1731&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Ævarsson A., Holst O., Kristjansson J.K. 1991; Growth behaviour and protease production by an Icelandic Thermus sp. isolate in batch and continuous culture.. Curr Microbiol 23:1–6
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Bergquist P.L., Love D.R., Croft J.E., Streiff M.B, Daniel R.M., Morgan W.H. 1987; Genetics and potential biotechnological applications of thermophilic and extremely thermophilic micro-organisms.. Biotechnol Genet Eng Ren 5:199–244
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Bjarnason J.B., Kristjánsson H., Olafsdóttir S., Gísladóttir G., Fox J.W., Kristjánsson J.K., Alfreósson G. 1992; Purification and characterisation of a thermophilic proteinase produced by Thermus strain IS-15.. In Thermophiles: Science and Technology IceTec: Reykjavík, Iceland;
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Blumentals I.I., Robinson A.S., Kelly R.M. 1990; Characterisation of sodium dodecyl sulfate-resistant proteolytic activity in the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrococcus furiosus. . Appl Environ Microbiol 56:1992–1998
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Borges K.M., Bergquist P.L. 1992; A rapid method for preparation of bacterial chromosomal DNA in agarose plugs using Thermus Rt41A proteinase.. Biotechniques 12:222–223
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Coolbear T., Daniel R.M., Cowan D.A., Morgan H.W. 1988; Proteases from extreme thermophiles.. Enzyme Eng 9:279–281
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Coolbear T., Daniel R.M., Morgan H.W. 1992; The enzymes from extreme thermophiles: bacterial sources, thermostabilities and industrial relevance.. InAdvances in Biochemical Engineering! Biotechnology 45 pp. 57–98 Edited by Fiechter A. Berlin: Springer-Verlag;
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Cowan D.A., Daniel R.M., Morgan H.W. 1985; Thermophilic proteases: properties and potential applications.. Trends Biotechnol 3:68–72
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Cowan D.A., Smolenski K.A., Daniel R.M., Morgan H.W. 1987a; An extremely thermostable extracellular proteinase from a strain of the archaebacterium Desulfurococcus growing at 88 °C.. Biochem J 247:121–133
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Cowan D.A., Daniel R.M., Morgan H.W. 1987b; A comparison of extracellular serine proteases from four strains of Thermus aquaticus. . FEMS Microbiol Eett 43:155–159
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Deane S.M., Robb F.T., Woods D.R. 1987; Production and activation of an SDS-resistant alkaline serine exoprotease of Vibrio alginolyticus. . J Gen Microbiol 133:391–398
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Deane S.M., Robb F.T., Robb S.M., Woods D.R. 1989; Nucleotide sequence of the Vibrio alginolyticus calcium-dependent, detergent-resistant alkaline serine exoprotease A.. Gene 76:281–288
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Devereux J., Haeberli P., Smithies 0. 1984; A comprehensive set of sequence analysis programs for the VAX.. Nucleic Acids Res 12:387–395
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Frömmel C., Sander C. 1989; Thermitase, a thermostable subtilisin: comparison of predicted and experimental structures and the molecular cause of thermostability.. Proteins Struct Fund Genet 5:22–37
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Fujishige A., Smith K.R., Silen J.L., Agard D.A. 1992; Correct folding of alpha-lytic protease is required for its extracellular secretion from Escherichia coli. . J Cell Biol 118:33–42
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Fung M., Fung K.Y. 1991; PCR amplification of mRNA directly from a crude cell lysate prepared by thermophilic protease digestion.. Nucleic Acids Res 19:4300
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Guan K.L., Dixon J.E. 1991; Eukaryotic proteins expressed in Escherichia coli-. an improved thrombin cleavage and purification procedure of fusion proteins with glutathione-S-transferase.. Anal Biochem 192:262–267
    [Google Scholar]
  18. von Heijne G. 1983; Patterns of amino acids near signal-sequence cleavage sites.. Eur.J Biochem 133:17–21
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Jacobs M., Eliasson M., Uhlen M., Flock J. 1985; Cloning, sequencing and expression of subtilisin Carlsberg from Bacillus licheniformis. . Nucleic Acids Res 13:8913–8926
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Janssen P.H., Morgan H.W., Daniel R.M. 1991; Effects of medium composition on extracellular proteinase stability and yield in batch cultures of a Thermus sp.. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 34:789–793
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Jany K., Lederer G., Mayer B. 1986; Amino acid sequence of proteinase K from the mold Tritirachium album Limber. Proteinase K - a subtilisin-related enzyme with disulphide bonds.. FEBS Lett 199:139–144
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Jones C.W., Morgan H.W., Daniel R.M. 1988; Aspects of protease production by Thermus strain Ok6 and other New Zealand isolates.. J Gen Microbiol 134:191–198
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Kagawa Y., Nojima H., Nukiwa N., Ishizuka M., Nakajima T., Yasuhara T., Tanaka T., Oshima T. 1984; High guanine plus cytosine content in the third letter of codons of an extreme thermophile. DNA sequence of the isopropylmalate dehydrogenase of Thermus thermophilus. . J Biol Chem 259:2956–2960
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Kobayashi T., Inouye M. 1992; Functional analysis of the intramolecular chaperone - mutational hot spots in the subtilisin pro-peptide and a 2nd-site suppressor mutation within the subtilisin molecule.. J Mol Biol 226:931–933
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Kwon S., Terada I., Matsuzawa H., Ohta T. 1988; Nucleotide sequence of the gene for aqualysin I (a thermophilic alkaline serine protease) of Thermus aquaticus YT-1 and characteristics of the deduced primary structure of the enzyme.. Eur J Biochem 173:491–497
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Lee Y.-G, Miyata Y., Terada I., Ohta T., Matsuzawa H. 1991; Involvement of NH-terminal pro-sequence in the production of active aqualysin I (a thermophilic serine protease) in Escherichia coli. . Agric Biol Chem 55:3027–3032
    [Google Scholar]
  27. McHale R.H., Stapleton P.M., Bergquist P.L. 1991; A rapid method for the preparation of samples for PCR.. Biotechniques 10:21–22
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Madver B., McHale R.H., Saul D.J., Bergquist P.L. 1994; Cloning and sequencing of a serine proteinase gene from a thermophilic Bacillus species and its expression in Escherichia coli. . Appl Environ Microbiol 60:3981–3988
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Matsuzawa H., Hamaoki M., Ohta T. 1983; Production of thermophilic extracellular proteases (aqualysins I and II) by Thermus aquaticus YT-1, an extreme thermophile.. Agric Biol Chem 47:25–28
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Meloun B., Baudys M., Kostka V., Hausdorf G., Frömmel C., Höhne W.E. 1985; Complete primary structure of thermitase from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris and its structural features related to the subtilisin-type proteinases.. FEBS Lett 183:195–200
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Ohta Y., Inouye M. 1990; Pro-subtilisin E: purification and characterization of its autoprocessing to active subtilisin E in vitro. . Mol Microbiol 4:295–304
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Pantoliano M.W., Ladner R.C, Bryan P.N., Rollence M.L., Wood J.F., Poulos T.L. 1987; Protein engineering of subtilisin BPN´, enhanced stabilization through the introduction of two cysteines to form a disulfide bond.. Biochemistry 26:2077–2082
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Peek K., Daniel R.M., Monk G, Coolbear T. 1992; Purification and characterisation of a thermostable proteinase isolated from a Thermus sp. strain Rt41A.. Eur J Biochem 207:1035–1044
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Samal B.B., Karan B., Boone T.G, Osslund T.D., Chen K.K., Stabinsky Y. 1990; Isolation and characterization of the gene encoding a novel, thermostable serine proteinase from the mould Tritirachium album Limber.. Mol Microbiol 4:1789–1792
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Samal B.B., Karan B., Parker C., Stabinsky Y. 1991; Isolation and thermal studies of two novel serine proteinases from the fungus Tritirachium album Limber.. Enzyme Microb Technol 13:66–70
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Saravani G., Cowan D.A., Daniel R.M., Morgan H.W. 1989; Caldolase, a chelator-insensitive extracellular serine proteinase from a Thermus sp.. Biochem J 262:409–416
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Saul D.J., Rodrigo A.G., Reeves R.A., Williams L.G., Borges K.M., Morgan H.W., Bergquist P.L. 1993; Phylogeny of twenty Thermus isolates constructed from 16S rRNA gene sequence data.. Int J Syst Baderiol 43:754–760
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Siezen R.J., de Vos W.M., Leunissen J.A.M., Dijkstra B.W. 1991; Homology modelling and protein engineering strategy of subtilases, the family of subtilisin-like serine proteinases.. Protein Eng 4:719–737
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Skjenstad T., Hreggvidsson G.O., Gudjónsson T., Kristjánsson J.K. 1992; Isolation and some properties of a protease from Thermus ruber. . In Thermophiles-. Science and Technology IceTec: Reykjavik, Iceland;
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Sorensen M.A., Kurland C.G., Pedersen S. 1989; Codon usage determines translation rate in Escherichia coli. . J Mol Biol 207:365–377
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Souter N.H., Sharp R.J., Marks T.S. 1992; Characterisation of an alkaline serine protease from Thermus ruber. . In Thermophiles: Science and Technology IceTec: Reykjavik, Iceland;
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Takagi H., Takahashi T., Momose H., lnouye M., Maeda Y., Matsuzawa H., Ohta T. 1990; Enhancement of the thermostability of subtilisin E by introduction of a disulfide bond engineered on the basis of structural comparison with a thermophilic serine protease.. J Biol Chem 265:6874–6878
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Terada I., Kwon S., Miyata Y., Matsuzawa H., Ohta T. 1990; Unique precursor structure of an extracellular protease, aqualysin I, with NH2- and COOH-terminal pro-sequences and its processing in Escherichia coli. . J Biol Chem 265:6576–6581
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Touhara N., Taguchi H., Koyama Y., Ohta T., Matsuzawa H. 1991; Production and extracellular secretion of aqualysin-I (a thermophilic subtilisin-type protease) in a host-vector system for Thermus thermophilus. . Appl Environ Microbiol 57:3385–3387
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Vasantha N., Thompson L.D., Rhodes C., Banner G, Nagle J., Filpula D. 1984; Genes for alkaline protease and neutral protease from bacillus amyloliquefaciens contain a large open reading frame between the regions coding for signal sequences and mature protein.. J Bacteriol 159:811–819
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Wells J.A., Estell D.A. 1988; Subtilisin - an enzyme designed to be engineered.. Trends Biochem Sci 13:291–297
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Wells J.A., Powers D.B. 1986; In vivo formation and stability of engineered disulfide bonds in subtilisin.. J Biol Chem 261:6564–6570
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Wells J.A., Ferrari E., Henner D.J., Estell D.A., Chen E.Y. 1983; Cloning, sequencing and secretion of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subtilisin in Bacillus subtilis. . Nucleic Acids Res 11:7911–7925
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/micro/10.1099/13500872-141-7-1731
Loading
/content/journal/micro/10.1099/13500872-141-7-1731
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error