Production of Gramicidin S Synthetases by in Continuous Culture Free

Abstract

SUMMARY: The effects of different nutrient limitations on the production of the two enzymes of gramicidin S biosynthesis were studied during continuous culture of Gramicidin S synthetases I and II were produced in the chemostat under carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus or sulphur limitation. The growth rate, rather than the nature of the limitation, was the major controlling factor in regulating the level of the gramicidin S synthetases. Synthetase production was low at high dilution rates (0·45 to 0·50 h) but increased as the dilution rate was lowered. The highest specific activities occurred at dilution rates that were different for each type of limitation: 0·40 h for nitrogen, 0·32 h for carbon, 0·24 h for sulphur and 020 h for phosphorus. Phosphorus limitation gave the highest specific activities. At low dilution rates (0·10 to 0·15 h), enzyme activities were again low. Sporulation occurred under carbon limitation, but at a lower dilution rate than that which supported optimal gramicidin S synthetase formation. The specific productivity of the synthetases in the chemostat was higher than the highest productivity obtained in batch growth.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-96-2-415
1976-10-01
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/micro/96/2/mic-96-2-415.html?itemId=/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-96-2-415&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Acevedo F., Cooney C. L. 1973; Penicillin amidase production by Bacillus megaterium. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15:493–503
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Acevedo F., Cooney C. L. 1975; Penicillin amidase and penicillinase production in nitrogen and sulfur limited chemostats. European Journal of Applied Microbiology 2:9–17
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Blanch H. W., Rogers P. L. 1971; Production of gramicidin S in batch and continuous culture. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13:843–864
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Cooney C. L. 1970 Double nutritional deficiencies in continuous microbial culture. Ph.D. thesis Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.:
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Cooney C. L., Wang D.I.C., Mateles R. I. 1976; Growth of Enterobacter aerogenes in a chemostat with double nutrient limitations. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 31:91–98
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Dawes I. W., Mandelstam J. 1970; Sporulation of Bacillus subtilis in continuous culture. Journal of Bacteriology 103:529–535
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Dawes I. W., Thornley J.M.M. 1970; Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. Theoretical and experimental studies in continuous culture systems. Journal of General Microbiology 62:49–66
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Demain A. L. 1972a; Cellular and environmental factors affecting the synthesis and excretion of metabolites. Journal of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 22:345–362
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Demain A. L. 1972b; Theoretical and applied aspects of enzyme regulation and biosynthesis in microbial cells. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium 3:21–32
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Demain A. L., Matteo C. C. 1976; Phenylalanine stimulation of gramicidin S formation. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 9:1000–1003
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Demain A. L., Piret J. M., Friebel T. E., Vandamme E. J., Matteo C. C. 1976; Studies on Bacillus brevis directed towards the cell-free synthesis of gramicidin S. . In Microbiology -1976. Schlessinger D. Edited by Washington: American Society for Microbiology;
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Demoss R. D., Bard R. C. 1957; Physiological and biochemical technics. In Manual of Microbiological Methods pp. 179–181 Pelczar M. J.Jr. Edited by New York: McGraw-Hill;
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Fuchs R. 1974 Utilization of mixed substrates by mixed cultures in continuous culture. Ph.D. thesis Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.:
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Hamilton B. K., Montgomery J. P., Wang D.I.C. 1974; Enzyme reactions for preparative scale synthesis. In Enzyme Engineering 2 pp. 153–159 Pye E. K., Wingard L. B.Jr Edited by New York: Plenum Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Laland S. G., Zimmer T. L. 1973; The protein thiotemplate mechanism of synthesis for the peptide antibiotics produced by Bacillus brevis. In Essays in Biochemistry 9 pp. 32–57 Campbell P. N., Greville G. D. Edited by London: Academic Press.;
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Lipmann F. 1973; Nonribosomal polypeptide synthesis on polyenzyme templates. Accounts of Chemical Research 6:361–367
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Matteo C. C., Glade M., Tanaka A., Piret J. M., Demain A. L. 1975; Microbiological studies on the formation of gramicidin S synthetases. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17:129–142
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Pardee A. R. 1969; Enzyme production by bacteria. . In Fermentation Advances pp. 3–14 Perlman D. Edited by New York: Academic Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Schaeffer P. 1969; Sporulation and the production of antibiotics, exoenzymes and exotoxins. Bacteriological Reviews 33:48–71
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Shehata T. E., Marr A. G. 1971; Effect of nutrient concentration on the growth of Escherichia coli. Journal of Bacteriology 107:210–216
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Smith R. W., Dean A.C.R. 1972; β-Galactosidase synthesis in Klebsiella aerogenes growing in continuous culture. Journal of General Microbiology 72:37–47
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Tempest D. W., Dicks J. W. 1967; Inter-relationships between potassium, magnesium, phosphorus and ribonucleic acid in the growth of Aerobacter aerogenes in a chemostat. In Microbial Physiology and Continuous Culture pp. 140–154 Powell E. O., Evans C.G.T., Strange R. E., Tempest D. W. Edited by London: HMSO;
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Tempest D. W., Hunter J. R., Sykes J. 1965; Magnesium-limited growth of Aerobacter aerogenes in a chemostat. Journal of General Microbiology 39:355–366
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Tempest D. W., Meers J. L., Brown C. M. 1970; Influence of environment on the content and composition of microbial free amino acid pools. Journal of General Microbiology 64:171–185
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Tseng C. H., Thrasher K. D., Montgomery J. P., Hamilton B. K., Wang D.I.C. 1975; High productivity tank fermentation for gramicidin S synthetases. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17:143–151
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-96-2-415
Loading
/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-96-2-415
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Most cited Most Cited RSS feed