Viability and Electron Microscope Studies of Phages T3 and T7 Subjected to Freeze-drying, Freeze-thawing and Aerosolization

References

1. Adams M. H. 1959 Bacteriophages New York and London: Interscience Publishers;
   [Google Scholar]
2. Anderson J. D., Cox C. S. 1967 Microbial Survival. Symposia of the Society for General Microbiology 17:204–226
   [Google Scholar]
3. Asahina E. 1965; Freezing process and injury in isolated animal cells. Federation Proceedings 24:S183–187
   [Google Scholar]
4. Bateman J. B., Stevens C. L., Mercer W. B., Carstensen E. L. 1962; Relative humidity and the killing of bacteria: the variation of cellular water content with external relative humidity or osmolality. Journal of General Microbiology 29:207–219
   [Google Scholar]
5. Benbough J. E. 1971; Some factors affecting the survival of airborne viruses. Journal of General Virology 10:209–220
   [Google Scholar]
6. Brachman P. S., Ehrlich R., Eichenwald H. F., Gabelli V. J., Kethley T. W., Madin S. H., Maltman J. R., Middlebrook G., Morton J. D., Silver I. H., Wolfe E. K. 1964; Standard sampler for assay of airborne micro-organisms. Science; New York: 1441295
   [Google Scholar]
7. Bull H. B. 1951 Physical Biochemistry London: Chapman and Hall;
   [Google Scholar]
8. Cox C. S. 1965; Protecting agents and their mode of action. First International Symposium on Aerobiology pp. 345–368 Oakland, U.S.A: Naval Biomedical Research Laboratory;
   [Google Scholar]
9. Cox C. S. 1966a; The survival of Escherichia coli atomized into air and into nitrogen from distilled water and from solutions of protecting agents, as a function of relative humidity. Journal of General Microbiology 43:383–399
   [Google Scholar]
10. Cox C. S. 1966b; The survival of Escherichia coli in nitrogen atmospheres under changing conditions of relative humidity. Journal of General Microbiology 45:283–288
    [Google Scholar]
11. Cox C. S., Baldwin F. 1964; A method for investigating the cause of death of airborne bacteria. Nature; London: 2021135
    [Google Scholar]
12. Cox C. S., Baldwin F. 1966; The use of phage to study causes of loss of viability of Escherichia coli in aerosols. Journal of General Microbiology 44:15–22
    [Google Scholar]
13. Cox C. S., Baxter J., Maidment B. J. 1973; A mathematical expression for oxygen-induced death in dehydrated bacteria. Journal of General Microbiology 75:179–185
    [Google Scholar]
14. Cox C. S., Heckly R. J. 1973; Effects of oxygen upon freeze-dried and freeze-thawed bacteria: viability and free radical studies. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 19:189–194
    [Google Scholar]
15. Dewald R. R., Browall K. W., Schaeffer L. M., Messer A. 1967; Effect of water vapour on lyophilized Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli . Applied Microbiology 15:1299–1302
    [Google Scholar]
16. Ehrlich R., Miller S., Idoine L. S. 1964; Effects of environmental factors on the survival of airborne T3 coliphage. Applied Microbiology 12:479–482
    [Google Scholar]
17. Falk M., Hartman K. A. Jun Lord R. C. 1962; Hydration of deoxyribonucleic acid. I. A gravimetric study. Journal of the American Chemical Society 84:3843–3846
    [Google Scholar]
18. Falk M., Hartman K. A. Jun Lord R. C. 1963; Hydration of deoxyribonucleic acid. II. An infrared study. Journal of the American Chemical Society 85:387–391
    [Google Scholar]
19. Hatch M. T., Warren J. C. 1969; Enhanced recovery of airborne T3 coliphage and Pasteurella pestis bacteriophage by means of a presampling humidification technique. Applied Microbiology 17:685–689
    [Google Scholar]
20. May K. R. 1945; The cascade impactor: an instrument for sampling coarse aerosols. Journal of Scientific Instruments 22:187–195
    [Google Scholar]
21. May K. R., Harper G. J. 1957; The efficiency of various liquid impinger samplers in bacterial aerosols. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 14:287–297
    [Google Scholar]
22. Mazur P. 1965; Causes of injury in frozen and thawed cells. Federation Proceedings 24:S175–182
    [Google Scholar]
23. Merryman H. T. 1966; The interpretation of freezing rates in biological materials. Cryobiology 2:165–170
    [Google Scholar]
24. Northcote D. H. 1953; The sorption of water vapour by yeast cell wall and other polysaccharides. Biochimica et biophysica acta 11:471–479
    [Google Scholar]
25. Rechsteiner J. 1970; The recovery of airborne respiratory syncytial virus. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Aerobiology London: Academic Press;
    [Google Scholar]
26. Silver I. H. 1965; Viability of microorganisms using a suspended droplet technique. First International Symposium on Aerobiology pp. 319–333
    [Google Scholar]
27. The Handbook of Biochemistry 1968; Section H. Sober H. A. Edited by Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A: Chemical Rubber Co;
28. Trouwborst T., de Jong J. C. 1972; Mechanism of inactivation of the bacteriophage T1 in aerosols. Applied Microbiology 23:938–941
    [Google Scholar]
29. Warren J. C., Hatch M. T. 1969; Survival of T3 coliphage in varied extracellular environments. I.Viability of the coliphage during storage and in aerosols. Applied Microbiology 17:256–261
    [Google Scholar]
30. Williams R. C., Fraser D. 1953; Morphology of the seven T-bacteriophages. Journal of Bacteriology 66:458–464
    [Google Scholar]