A putative operon encoding a probable zinc-responsive regulatory element (zur) and components of an ABC-type transporter (mreA mreB) have been characterized in Staphylococcus aureus. The zur gene was inactivated but apparently this did not alter Zn2+ uptake. Expression of mreAB zur is at a low level under a range of ion conditions. To allow inducible expression of the operon, a construct was made placing it under the control of the IPTG-inducible Pspac promoter. Using this approach, it was shown that zur is able to repress expression of the entire operon in a Zn2+-dependent manner, and that mreA and mreB are likely to be involved in high-affinity ion uptake. zur has no apparent role in pathogenicity in a lesion model of S. aureus infection.
AchenbachL. A.,
YangW.
1997; The fur gene from Klebsiella pneumoniae : characterization, genomic organization and phylogenetic analysis. Gene 185:201–207[CrossRef]
AlthausE. W.,
OuttenC. E.,
OlsonK. E.,
CaoH.,
O’HalloranT. V.
1999; The ferric uptake regulation (Fur) repressor is a zinc metalloprotein. Biochemistry 38:6559–6569[CrossRef]
BeardenS. W.,
PerryR. D.
1999; The Yfe system of Yersinia pestis transports iron and manganese and is required for full virulence of plague. Mol Microbiol 32:403–414[CrossRef]
ChanP. F.,
FosterS. J.
1998; The role of environmental factors in the regulation of virulence-determinant expression in Staphylococcus aureus 8325-4. Microbiology 144:2469–2479[CrossRef]
ChanP. F.,
FosterS. J.,
InghamE.,
ClementsM. O.
1998; The Staphylococcus aureus alternative sigma factor sigmaB controls the environmental stress response but not starvation survival or pathogenicity in a mouse abscess model. J Bacteriol 180:6082–6089
ClementsM. O.,
WatsonS. P.,
FosterS. J.
1999; Characterization of the major superoxide dismutase of Staphylococcus aureus and its role in starvation survival, stress resistance, and pathogenicity. J Bacteriol 181:3898–3903
CornelissenC. N.,
KelleyM.,
HobbsM. M.,
AndersonJ. E.,
CannonJ. G.,
CohenM. S.,
SparlingP. F.
1998; The transferrin receptor expressed by gonococcal strain FA1090 is required for the experimental infection of human male volunteers. Mol Microbiol 27:611–616[CrossRef]
CourcolR. J.,
TrivierD.,
BissingerM. C.,
MartinG. R.,
BrownM. R.
1997; Siderophore production by Staphylococcus aureus and identification of iron-regulated proteins. Infect Immun 65:1944–1948
DaletK.,
GouinE.,
CenatiempoY.,
CossartP.,
HechardY.
1999; Characterisation of a new operon encoding a Zur-like protein and an associated ABC zinc permease in Listeria monocytogenes . FEMS Microbiol Lett 174:111–116[CrossRef]
DintilhacA.,
AlloingG.,
GranadelC.,
ClaverysJ. P.
1997; Competence and virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae : Adc and PsaA mutants exhibit a requirement for Zn and Mn resulting from inactivation of putative ABC metal permeases. Mol Microbiol 25:727–739[CrossRef]
DomingueP. A.,
LambertP. A.,
BrownM. R.
1989; Iron depletion alters surface-associated properties of Staphylococcus aureus and its association to human neutrophils in chemiluminescence. FEMS Microbiol Lett 50:265–268
FosterS. J.
1991; Cloning, expression, sequence analysis and biochemical characterization of an autolytic amidase of Bacillus subtilis 168 trpC2 . J Gen Microbiol 137:1987–1998[CrossRef]
GaballaA.,
HelmannJ. D.
1998; Identification of a zinc-specific metalloregulatory protein, Zur, controlling zinc transport operons in Bacillus subtilis . J Bacteriol 180:5815–5821
HaagH.,
FiedlerH. P.,
MeiwesJ.,
DrechselH.,
JungG.,
ZahnerH.
1994; Isolation and biological characterization of staphyloferrin B, a compound with siderophore activity from staphylococci. FEMS Microbiol Lett 115:125–130[CrossRef]
HeidrichC.,
HantkeK.,
BierbaumG.,
SahlH. G.
1996; Identification and analysis of a gene encoding a Fur-like protein of Staphylococcus epidermidis . FEMS Microbiol Lett 140:253–259[CrossRef]
HeinrichsJ. H.,
GatlinL. E.,
KunschC.,
ChoiG. H.,
HansonM. S.
1999; Identification and characterization of SirA, an iron-regulated protein from Staphylococcus aureus . J Bacteriol 181:1436–1443
HorsburghM. J.,
InghamE.,
FosterS. J.
2001; In Staphylococcus aureus , Fur is an interactive regulator with PerR, contributes to virulence, and is necessary for oxidative stress resistance through positive regulation of catalase and iron homeostasis. J Bacteriol 183:468–475[CrossRef]
JanakiramanA.,
SlauchJ. M.
2000; The putative iron transport system SitABCD encoded on SPI1 is required for full virulence of Salmonella typhimurium . Mol Microbiol 35:1146–1155[CrossRef]
JanulczykR.,
PallonJ.,
BjorckL.
1999; Identification and characterization of a Streptococcus pyogenes ABC transporter with multiple specificity for metal cations. Mol Microbiol 34:596–606[CrossRef]
KreiswirthB. N.,
LofdahlS.,
BetleyM. J.,
O’ReillyM.,
SchlievertP. M.,
BergdollM. S.,
NovickR. P.
1983; The toxic shock syndrome exotoxin structural gene is not detectably transmitted by a prophage. Nature 305:709–712[CrossRef]
LevinJ. D.,
ShapiroR.,
DempleB.
1991; Metalloenzymes in DNA repair. Escherichia coli endonuclease IV and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Apn1. J Biol Chem 266:22893–22898
LewisD. A.,
Klesney-TaitJ.,
LumbleyS. R.,
WardC. K.,
LatimerJ. L.,
IsonC. A.,
HansenE. J.
1999; Identification of the znuA -encoded periplasmic zinc transport protein of Haemophilus ducreyi . Infect Immun 67:5060–5068
LindsayJ. A.,
RileyT. V.
1994; Staphylococcal iron requirements, siderophore production, and iron-regulated protein expression. Infect Immun 62:2309–2314
LindsayJ. A.,
RileyT. V.,
MeeB. J.
1995; Staphylococcus aureus but not Staphylococcus epidermidis can acquire iron from transferrin. Microbiology 141:197–203[CrossRef]
LindsayJ. A.,
RuzinA.,
RossH. F.,
KurepinaN.,
NovickR. P.
1998; The gene for toxic shock toxin is carried by a family of mobile pathogenicity islands in Staphylococcus aureus . Mol Microbiol 29:527–543[CrossRef]
MeiwesJ.,
FiedlerH. P.,
HaagH.,
ZahnerH.,
Konetschny-RappS.,
JungG.
1990; Isolation and characterization of staphyloferrin A, a compound with siderophore activity from Staphylococcus hyicus DSM 20459. FEMS Microbiol Lett 55:201–205
ModunB.,
WilliamsP.
1999; The staphylococcal transferrin-binding protein is a cell wall glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Infect Immun 67:1086–1092
ModunB.,
KendallD.,
WilliamsP.
1994; Staphylococci express a receptor for human transferrin: identification of a 42-kilodalton cell wall transferrin-binding protein. Infect Immun 62:3850–3858
ModunB.,
EvansR. W.,
JoannouC. L.,
WilliamsP.
1998; Receptor-mediated recognition and uptake of iron from human transferrin by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis . Infect Immun 66:3591–3596
PatzerS. I.,
HantkeK.
1998; The ZnuABC high-affinity zinc uptake system and its regulator Zur in Escherichia coli . Mol Microbiol 28:1199–1210[CrossRef]
QueQ.,
HelmannJ. D.
2000; Manganese homeostasis in Bacillus subtilis is regulated by MntR, a bifunctional regulator related to the diphtheria toxin repressor family of proteins. Mol Microbiol 35:1454–1468
TrivierD.,
DavrilM.,
HoudretN.,
CourcolR. J.
1995; Influence of iron depletion on growth kinetics, siderophore production, and protein expression of Staphylococcus aureus . FEMS Microbiol Lett 127:195–199[CrossRef]
WatsonS. P.,
ClementsM. O.,
FosterS. J.
1998; Characterization of the starvation-survival response of Staphylococcus aureus . J Bacteriol 180:1750–1758
XiongA.,
JayaswalR. K.
1998; Molecular characterization of a chromosomal determinant conferring resistance to zinc and cobalt ions in Staphylococcus aureus . J Bacteriol 180:4024–4029
XiongA.,
SinghV. K.,
CabreraG.,
JayaswalR. K.
2000; Molecular characterization of the ferric-uptake regulator, fur , from Staphylococcus aureus . Microbiology 146:659–668