@article{mbs:/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-147-5-1087, author = "Tanamoto, Ken-ichi and Iida, Takatoshi and Haishima, Yuji and Azumi, Satoko", title = "Endotoxic properties of lipid A from Comamonas testosteroni", journal= "Microbiology", year = "2001", volume = "147", number = "5", pages = "1087-1094", doi = "https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-147-5-1087", url = "https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-147-5-1087", publisher = "Microbiology Society", issn = "1465-2080", type = "Journal Article", keywords = "LAL, Limulus amoebocyte lysate", keywords = "PMA, phorbol myristate acetate", keywords = "endotoxin", keywords = "LPS", keywords = "lipopolysaccharide", keywords = "FCS, fetal calf serum", keywords = "biological activity of lipid A", keywords = "TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor alpha", abstract = "The lipid A from Comamonas testosteroni has been isolated and its complete chemical structure determined [Iida, T., Haishima, Y., Tanaka, A., Nishijima, K., Saito, S. & Tanamoto, K. (1996). Eur J Biochem 237, 468–475]. In this work, the relationship between its chemical structure and biological activity was studied. The lipid A was highly homogeneous chemically and was characterized by the relatively short chain length (C10) of the 3-hydroxy fatty acid components directly bound to the glucosamine disaccharide backbone by either amide or ester linkages. The lipid A exhibited endotoxic activity in all of the assay systems tested (mitogenicity in mouse spleen cells; induction of tumour necrosis factor alpha release from both mouse peritoneal macrophages and mouse macrophage-like cell line J774-1, as well as from the human monocytic cell line THP-1; induction of nitric oxide release from J774-1 cells; Limulus gelation activity and lethal toxicity in galactosamine-sensitized mice) to the same extent as did ‘Salmonella minnesota’ lipid A or Escherichia coli LPS used as controls. The strong endotoxic activity of the C. testosteroni lipid A indicates that the composition of 3-hydroxydecanoic acid is not responsible for the low endotoxicity of the lipid A observed in members of the genus Rhodopseudomonas, as has previously been suggested. Furthermore, both the lack of a second acylation of the 3-hydroxy fatty acid attached at the 3′ position, and the substitution of the hydroxyl group of the 3-hydroxy fatty acid attached at position 2, do not affect the manifestation of endotoxic activity or species specificity.", }