1887

Microbiology Society logo

Volume 146, Issue 12

The microaerophilic flagellate : (garlic) is an effective antigiardial Free

Abstract

Whole garlic ( L.) extract and some of its components were assayed for antigiardial activity. Whole garlic extract gave an IC at 24 h of 03 mg ml. Most of the components assayed were inhibitory to the organism, especially allyl alcohol and allyl mercaptan, with IC values of 7 μg ml and 37 μg ml respectively. Studies with calcofluor white indicated that whole garlic and allyl alcohol collapse the transmembrane electrochemical membrane potential (Δψ) of the organism, as indicated by uptake of the fluorochrome. Electron microscopy allowed the morphological changes that occur with garlic inhibition to be recorded. Both the surface topography and internal architecture of the organism changed during incubation with the biocides. Both whole garlic and allyl alcohol resulted in fragmentation of the disc and an overexpression of disc microribbons, internalization of flagella, vacuole formation and an increase in distended vesicles. Allyl mercaptan, however, only gave an increase in distended vesicles, suggesting that this biocide has a different mode of action.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Revised:
  • Published Online:
Keyword(s): allyl alcohol , allyl mercaptan , calcofluor white , iNOS, calcium-independent nitric oxide synthase , NOS, nitric oxide synthase , protozoan , see Table 1 for abbreviations of garlic components and XTT, 2,3 bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro sulphophenyl)-5[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2H tetrazolium
© Microbiology Society
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-146-12-3119
2000-12-01
2024-04-18
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/micro/146/12/1463119a.html?itemId=/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-146-12-3119&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Bartzatt R., Blum D., Nagel D. 1992; Isolation of garlic derived sulphur compounds from urine. Anal Lett 25:1217–1224 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Berglund D., Taffs R. E., Robertson N. P. 1987; A rapid analytical technique for flow cytometric analysis of cell viability using calcofluor white M2R. Cytometry 8:421–426 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Bingham A. K., Jarroll E. L., Meyer E. A. 1979; Giardia sp.: physical factors of excystation in vitro and excystation vs eosin exclusion as determinants of viability. Exp Parasitol 47:284–291 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Bogin E. 1973; Studies on the effect of antibacterial compounds from garlic on biological membranes. Proc Congr Biochem 9:271
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Calzada F., Alanis A. D., Meckis M., Contreras A., Cedillo-Rivera R. 1998; In vitro susceptibility of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia to some medicinal plants used by the people of Southern Mexico. Phytother Res 12:70–72 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Das I., Khan N. S., Sooranna S. R. 1995; Potent activation of nitric oxide synthase by garlic: a basis for its therapeutic applications. Curr Med Res Opin 13:257–263 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Das I., Hirani J., Sooranna S. 1996; Arginine is not responsible for the activation of nitric oxide synthase by garlic. J Ethnopharmacol 53:5–9 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Davidson R. A. 1990; Treatment of giardiasis: the North American perspective. In Human Parasitic Diseases vol. IIIGiardiasis pp. 325–334Edited by Meyer E. A. Amsterdam: Elsevier;
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Davies R. B., Hibler C. P. 1979; Animal reservoirs and cross species transmission of Giardiasis. In Waterborne Transmission of Giardiasis pp. 104–126Edited by Jakubowski W., Hoff J. C. Cincinnati: Environmental Protection Agency;
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Dirsch V. M., Kiemer A. K., Wagner H., Vollmar A. M. 1998; Effect of allicin and ajoene, two compounds of garlic, on inducible nitric oxide synthase. Atherosclerosis 139:333–339 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Eckmann L., Laurent F., Gillin F. D., Kagnoff M. F. 1998; Giardia lamblia infection of human intestinal cell cultures inhibits epithelial nitric oxide production. Gastroenterology 114:G3977
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Eckmann L., Laurent F., Langford T. D., Hetsko M. L., Smith J. R., Kagnoff M. F., Gillin F. D. 2000; Nitric oxide production by human intestinal epithelial cells and competition for arginine as potential determinants of host defense against the lumen-dwelling pathogen Giardia lamblia. J Immunol 164:1478–1487 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Edwards M. R., Gilroy F. V., Jiminez M. B., O’Sullivan W. J. 1989; Alanine is a major end product of metabolism by Giardia lamblia: a proton nuclear magnetic resonance study. Mol Biochem Parasitol 37:19–26 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Fenwick G. R., Hanley A. B. 1985; The genus Allium, part 3. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 22:1–73
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Fernandes P. D., Assreuy J. 1997; Role of nitric oxide and superoxide in Giardia lamblia killing. Braz J Med Biol Res 30:93–99
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Fischer J. M. C., Peterson C. A., Bols N. C. 1985; A new fluorescent test for cell vitality using calcofluor white M2R. Stain Technol 60:69–79
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Friedman G. D. 1980; Cancer after metronidazole. N Engl J Med 302:519 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Joshi D. J., Dikshit R. K., Mansuri S. M. 1987; Gastrointestinal actions of garlic oil. Phytother Res 1:140–141 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Kiesewetter H., Jung F., Jung E. M., Mroweitz C., Koscrelny J., Wenzel E. 1993; Effect of garlic on platelet aggregation in patients with increased risk of juvenile ischaemic attacks. Eur J Clin Pharmocol 45:333–336
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Kim S. G., Nam S. Y., Chung H. C., Hong S. Y., Jung K. H. 1995; Enhanced effectiveness of dimethyl-4,4′-dimethyl-5,6,5′,6′-dimethylene dioxyphenyl-2,2′-dicarboxylate in combination with garlic oil against experimental hepatic injury in rats and mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 47:678–682 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Koch H. P. 1996; Biopharmaceutics of garlic’s effective compounds. In Garlic. The Science and Therapeutic Application of Allium sativum L. and Related Species pp. 213–220Edited by Koch H. P., Lawson L. D. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins;
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Laasko I., Seppänen-Laasko T., Hiltunen R., Muller B., Jansen H., Knobloch K. 1988; Volatile garlic odour components: gas phases and adsorbed exhaled air analysed by head-space gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Planta Med 55:257–261
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Lawson L. D. 1996; The composition and chemistry of garlic cloves and processed garlic. In Garlic. The Science and Therapeutic Application of Allium sativum L. and Related Species pp. 37–107Edited by Koch H. P., Lawson L. D. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins;
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Lawson L. D., Wang Z. J. 1993; Pre-hepatic fate of the organosulfur compounds derived from garlic (Allium sativum). Planta Med 59:A688
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Leighton T., Ginther C., Fluss L., Harter W. K., Cansado J., Notario N. 1993; Molecular characterisation of quercitin and quercitin glycosides in Allium vegetables: their effects on malignant cell transformation. ACS Symp Ser 507:220–238
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Lengerich E. J., Addiss D. G., Juranek D. D. 1994; Severe giardiasis in the US. Clin Infect Dis 18:760–763 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Lloyd D., Harris J. C., Maroulis S., Biagini G. A., Wadley R. B., Turner M. P., Edwards M. R. 2000; The microaerophilic flagellate Giardia intestinalis:oxygen and its reaction products collapse membrane potential and cause cytotoxicity. Microbiology 146:3109–3118
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Lun Z. R., Burri C., Menzinger M., Kaminsky R. 1994; Antiparasitic activity of diallyl trisulphide (dasuansu) on human and animal pathogenic protozoa (Trypanosoma sp., Entamoeba histolyica and Giardia lamblia) in vitro. Ann Soc Belge Med Trop 74:51–59
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Majewska A. C., Kasprzak W., De Jonckheere J. F., Kaczmarek E. 1991; Heterogeneity in the sensitivity of stocks and clones of Giardia to metronidazole and ornidazole. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85:67–69 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Meyer E. A. 1976; Giardia lamblia: isolation and axenic cultivation. Exp Parasitol 39:301–310
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Milner J. A. 1996; Garlic: its anticarcinogenic and antitumorigenic properties. Nutr Rev 54:S82–S86
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Mirelman D., Monheit D., Varon S. 1987; Inhibition of growth of Entamoeba histolyica by allicin, the active principle of garlic extract (Allium sativum). J Infect Dis 156:243–244 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Miron T., Rabinkov A., Mirelman D., Wilchek H., Weiner L. 2000; The mode of action of allicin: its ready permeability through phospholipid membranes may contribute to its biological activity. Biochim Biophys Acta 1463:20–30 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Sharma V. D., Sethi M. S., Kumar A., Rarotra J. R. 1977; Antibacterial property of Allium sativum Linn.: in vivo and in vitro studies. Indian J Exp Biol 15:466–468
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Shukry S., Zak A. M., Dupont H. L., Shoukry I., Tagi M. el, Hamed S. 1986; Detection of enteropathogens in fatal and potentially fatal diarrhea in Cairo, Egypt. Clin Microbiol 24:959–962
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Smith J. J., McFeters G. A. 1997; Mechanisms of INT (2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(-4 nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride and CTC (5-cyano-2,3 ditolyl tetrazolium chloride) reduction in Escherichia coli K-12. J Microbiol Methods 29:161–175 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Soffar S. A., Mokhtar G. M. 1991; Evaluation of the antiparasitic effect of aqueous garlic (Allium sativum) extract in hymenolepiasis nana and giardiasis. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 21:497–502
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Taucher J., Hansel A., Jordan A., Lindinger W. 1996; Analysis of compounds in human breath after ingestion of garlic using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 44:3778–3782 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Tygstrup N., Jensen S. A., Krog B., Dalhoff K. 1997; Expression of liver functions following sub-lethal and non-lethal doses of allyl alcohol and acetaminophen in the rat. J Hepatol 27:156–162 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Wright C. W., Melwani S. I., Phillipson J. D., Warhurst D. C. 1992; Determination of anti-giardial activity in vitro by means of a soluble formazan production. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86:517–519 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Xu S., Cho S. B. H. 1999; Allyl mercapten, a major metabolite of garlic compounds, reduces cellular cholesterol synthesis and its secretion in Hep-G2 cells. J Nutr Biochem 10:654–659 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Yamada Y., Azuma K. 1977; Evaluation of the in vitro antifungal activity of allicin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 11:743–749 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-146-12-3119
Loading
The microaerophilic flagellate Giardia intestinalis: Allium sativum (garlic) is an effective antigiardial
Microbiology 146, 3119 (2000); https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-146-12-3119
/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-146-12-3119
/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-146-12-3119
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Most cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error