Forty years of genetics with Streptomyces: from in vivo through in vitro to in silico

References

1. Alikhanian S. I., Mindlin S. Z. 1957; Recombination in Streptomyces rimosus. Nature 180:1208–1209 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
2. Altenbuchner J., Cullum J. 1984; DNA amplification and an unstable arginine gene in Streptomyces lividans 66. Mol Gen Genet 195:134–138 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
3. Angell S., Lewis C. G., Buttner M. J., Bibb M. J. 1994; Glucose repression in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2): a likely regulatory role for glucose kinase. Mol Gen Genet 244:135–143
   [Google Scholar]
4. August P. R., Tang L., Yoon Y. J.9 other authors 1998; Biosynthesis of the ansamycin antibiotic rifamycin: deductions from the molecular analysis of the rif biosynthetic gene cluster of Amycolatopsis mediterranei S699. Chem Biol 5:69–79 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
5. Baltz R. H. 1978; Genetic recombination in Streptomyces fradiae by protoplast fusion and cell regeneration. J Gen Microbiol 107:93–102 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
6. Bibb M. J. 1996; The regulation of antibiotic production in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Microbiology 142:1335–1344 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
7. Bibb M. J., Cohen S. N. 1982; Gene expression in Streptomyces: construction and application of promoter-probe plasmid vectors in Streptomyces lividans. Mol Gen Genet 187:265–277 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
8. Bibb M. J., Freeman R. F., Hopwood D. A. 1977; Physical and genetical characterisation of a second sex factor, SCP2, for Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Mol Gen Genet 154:155–166 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
9. Bibb M. J., Ward J. M., Hopwood D. A. 1978; Transformation of plasmid DNA into Streptomyces at high frequency. Nature 274:398–400 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
10. Bibb M. J., Schottel J. L., Cohen S. N. 1980; A DNA cloning system for interspecies gene transfer in antibiotic-producing Streptomyces. Nature 284:526–531 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
11. Bibb M. J., Ward J. M., Kieser T., Cohen S. N., Hopwood D. A. 1981; Excision of chromosomal DNA sequences from Streptomyces coelicolor forms a novel family of plasmids detectable in Streptomyces lividans. Mol Gen Genet 184:230–240
    [Google Scholar]
12. Bibb M. J., Findlay P. R., Johnson M. W. 1984; The relationship between base composition and codon usage in bacterial genes and its use for the simple and reliable identification of protein-coding sequences. Gene 30:157–166 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
13. Bibb M. J., Janssen G. R., Ward J. M. 1985; Cloning and analysis of the promoter region of the erythromycin resistance gene ermE of Streptomyces erythraeus. Gene 41:E357–E368
    [Google Scholar]
14. Bibb M. J., Biro S., Motamedi H., Collins J. F., Hutchinson C. R. 1989; Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the Streptomyces glaucescens tcmI genes provides key information about the enzymology of polyketide antibiotic biosynthesis. EMBO J 8:2727–2736
    [Google Scholar]
15. Bierman M., Logan R., O’Brien K., Seno E. T., Rao R. N., Schoner B. E. 1992; Plasmid cloning vectors for the conjugal transfer of DNA from Escherichia coli to Streptomyces spp. Gene 116:43–49 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
16. Bolotin A. P., Sorokin A. V., Aleksandrov N. N., Danilenko V. N., Kozlov I. I. 1985; Replication of Streptomyces plasmids: the DNA nucleotide sequence of plasmid pSB24.2. Antibiot Med Biotekhnol 30:804–811
    [Google Scholar]
17. Bradley S. G., Lederberg J. 1956; Heterokaryosis in Streptomyces. J Bacteriol 72:219–225
    [Google Scholar]
18. Braendle D. H., Szybalski W. 1957; Genetic interaction among streptomycetes: heterokaryosis and synkaryosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 43:947–955 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
19. Bruton C. J., Plaskitt K. A., Chater K. F. 1995; Tissue-specific glycogen branching isoenzymes in a multicellular prokaryote, Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Mol Microbiol 18:89–99 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
20. Buttner M. J. 1989; RNA polymerase heterogeneity in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Mol Microbiol 3:1653–1659 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
21. Buttner M. J., Fearnley I. M., Bibb M. J. 1987; The agarase gene (dagA) of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2): nucleotide sequence and transcriptional analysis. Mol Gen Genet 209:101–109 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
22. Buttner M. J., Smith A. M., Bibb M. J. 1988; At least three RNA polymerase holoenzymes direct transcription of the agarase gene (dagA) of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Cell 52:599–607 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
23. Bystrykh L. V., Fernández-Moreno M. A., Herrema J. K., Malpartida F., Hopwood D. A., Dijkhuizen L. 1996; Production of actinorhodin-related ‘blue pigments’ by Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). J Bacteriol 178:2238–2244
    [Google Scholar]
24. Cairns J. 1963; The bacterial chromosome and its manner of replication as seen by autoradiography. J Mol Biol 6:208–213 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
25. Calcutt M. J., Schmidt F. J. 1992; Conserved gene arrangement in the origin region of the Streptomyces coelicolor chromosome. J Bacteriol 174:3220–3226
    [Google Scholar]
26. Chang P.-C., Cohen S. N. 1994; Bidirectional replication from an internal origin in a linear Streptomyces plasmid. Science 265:952–954 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
27. Chater K. F. 1972; A morphological and genetic mapping study of white colony mutants of Streptomyces coelicolor. J Gen Microbiol 72:9–28 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
28. Chater K. F. 1998; Taking a genetic scalpel to the Streptomyces colony. Microbiology 144:1465–1478 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
29. Chater K. F., Bruton C. J. 1983; Mutational cloning in Streptomyces and the isolation of antibiotic production genes. Gene 26:67–78 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
30. Chater K. F., Bruton C. J. 1985; Resistance, regulatory and production genes for the antibiotic methylenomycin are clustered. EMBO J 4:1893–1897
    [Google Scholar]
31. Chater K. F., Bruton C. J., Plaskitt K. A., Buttner M. J., Méndez C., Helmann J. 1989; The developmental fate of S. coelicolor hyphae depends crucially on a gene product homologous with the motility sigma factor of B. subtilis. Cell 59:133–143 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
32. Chen C. W. 1997; Threads of evidence – on the trail to linear bacterial chromosomes. SAJ News 11:1–29
    [Google Scholar]
33. Chung S. T. 1982; Isolation and characterization of Streptomyces fradiae plasmids which are prophage of the actinophage ϕSF1. Gene 17:239–246 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
34. Chung S. T. 1987; Tn4556, a 6·8 kb transposable element of Streptomyces fradiae. J Bacteriol 169:4436–4441
    [Google Scholar]
35. Cohn F. 1875; Untersuchungen über Bacterien II. Beitr Biol 1:141–207
    [Google Scholar]
36. Cortes J., Haydock S. H., Roberts G. A., Bevitt D. J., Leadlay P. F. 1990; An unusually large multifunctional polypeptide in the erythromycin-producing polyketide synthase of Saccharopolyspora eryhraea. Nature 348:176–178 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
37. Dickenson P. B., MacDonald K. D. 1955; An electron microscope examination of the initial cell stage in Streptomyces spp. J Gen Microbiol 13:84–90 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
38. Donadio S., Staver M. J., McAlpine J. B., Swanson S. J., Katz L. 1991; Modular organization of genes required for complex polyketide biosynthesis. Science 252:675–679 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
39. Dowding J. E. 1973; Characterization of a bacteriophage virulent for Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). J Gen Microbiol 76:163–176 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
40. Erikson D. 1947a; Differentiation of the vegetative and sporogenous phases of the actinomycetes. 1. The lipid nature of the outer wall of the aerial mycelium. J Gen Microbiol 1:39–44 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
41. Erikson D. 1947b; Differentiation of the vegetative and sporogenous phases of the actinomycetes. 2. Factors affecting the development of the aerial mycelium. J Gen Microbiol 1:45–52 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
42. Erikson D. 1948; Differentiation of the vegetative and sporogenous phases of the actinomycetes. 3. Variation in the Actinomyces coelicolor species-group. J Gen Microbiol 2:252–259 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
43. Erikson D. 1955; Loss of aerial mycelium and other changes in streptomycete development due to physical variations of cultural conditions. J Gen Microbiol 13:136–148 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
44. Feitelson J. S., Hopwood D. A. 1983; Cloning a Streptomyces gene for an O-methyltransferase involved in antibiotic biosynthesis. Mol Gen Genet 190:394–398 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
45. Fernández-Moreno M. A., Caballero J. L., Hopwood D. A., Malpartida F. 1991; The act cluster contains regulatory and antibiotic export genes, direct targets for translational control by the bldA tRNA gene of Streptomyces. Cell 66:769–780 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
46. Fornwald J. A., Schmidt F. J., Adams C. W., Rosenberg M., Brawner M. E. 1987; Two promoters, one inducible and one constitutive, control transcription of the Streptomyces lividans galactose operon. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:2130–2134 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
47. Gil J. A., Hopwood D. A. 1983; Cloning and expression of a p-aminobenzoic acid synthetase gene of the candicidin-producing Streptomyces griseus. Gene 25:119–132 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
48. Glauert A. M., Hopwood D. A. 1961; The fine structure of Streptomyces violaceoruber (S. coelicolor). III. The walls of the mycelium and spores. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 10:505–516 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
49. Hansen G. H. A. 1874; Undersogelser angaaende spedalskhedens aarsager. Norsk Magazin f Loegevidensk 4:1–88
    [Google Scholar]
50. Hara O., Beppu T. 1982; Mutants blocked in streptomycin production in Streptomyces griseus – the role of A-factor. J Antibiot 35:349–358 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
51. Harz C. O. 1877; Actinomyces bovis, ein neuer Schimmel in den Geweben des Rindes. Jahresbericht der Königlichen Centralen Thierarzeneischule München für 1877/1878 5:125–140
    [Google Scholar]
52. Hayakawa T., Tanaka T., Sakaguchi K., Otake N., Yonehara H. 1979; A linear plasmid-like DNA in Streptomyces sp. producing lankacidin group antibiotics. J Gen Appl Microbiol 25:255–260 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
53. Hindle Z., Smith C. P. 1994; Substrate induction and catabolite repression of the Streptomyces coelicolor glycerol operon are mediated through the GylR protein. Mol Microbiol 12:737–745 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
54. Hodgson D. A. 1982; Glucose repression of carbon source uptake and metabolism in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and its perturbation in mutants resistant to 2-deoxyglucose. J Gen Microbiol 128:2417–2430
    [Google Scholar]
55. Hopwood D. A. 1957; Genetic recombination in Streptomyces coelicolor. J Gen Microbiol 16:ii–iii
    [Google Scholar]
56. Hopwood D. A. 1958; Genetic recombination in Streptomyces coelicolor. PhD thesis University of Cambridge;
    [Google Scholar]
57. Hopwood D. A. 1959; Linkage and the mechanism of recombination in Streptomyces coelicolor. Ann NY Acad Sci 81:887–898
    [Google Scholar]
58. Hopwood D. A. 1960; Phase-contrast observations on Streptomyces coelicolor. J Gen Microbiol 22:295–302 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
59. Hopwood D. A. 1965a; New data on the linkage map of Streptomyces coelicolor. Genet Res Cambridge 6:248–262 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
60. Hopwood D. A. 1965b; A circular linkage map in the actinomycete Streptomyces coelicolor. J Mol Biol 12:514–516 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
61. Hopwood D. A. 1966a; Nonrandom location of temperature-sensitive mutants on the linkage map of Streptomyces coelicolor. Genetics 54:1169–1176
    [Google Scholar]
62. Hopwood D. A. 1966b; Lack of constant genome ends in Streptomyces coelicolor. Genetics 54:1177–1184
    [Google Scholar]
63. Hopwood D. A. 1967a; A possible circular symmetry of the linkage map of Streptomyces coelicolor. J Cell Physiol 70:Suppl 17–10
    [Google Scholar]
64. Hopwood D. A. 1967b; Genetic analysis and genome structure in Streptomyces coelicolor. Bacteriol Rev 31:373–403
    [Google Scholar]
65. Hopwood D. A. 1997; Genetic contributions to understanding polyketide synthases. Chem Rev 97:2465–2497 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
66. Hopwood D. A., Glauert A. M. 1961; Electron microscope observations on the surface structures of Streptomyces violaceoruber. J Gen Microbiol 26:325–330 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
67. Hopwood D. A., Kieser T. 1993; Conjugative plasmids in Streptomyces. In Bacterial Conjugation pp 293–311Edited by Clewell D. B. New York: Plenum;
    [Google Scholar]
68. Hopwood D. A., Wright H. M. 1973a; Transfer of a plasmid between Streptomyces species. J Gen Microbiol 77:187–195 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
69. Hopwood D. A., Wright H. M. 1973b; Genetic studies on SCP1-prime strains of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). J Gen Microbiol 95:107–120
    [Google Scholar]
70. Hopwood D. A., Sermonti G., Spada-Sermonti I. 1963; Heterozygous clones in Streptomyces coelicolor. J Gen Microbiol 30:249–260 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
71. Hopwood D. A., Harold R. J., Vivian A., Ferguson H. M. 1969; A new kind of fertility variant in Streptomyces coelicolor. Genetics 62:461–477
    [Google Scholar]
72. Hopwood D. A., Wildermuth H., Palmer H. M. 1970; Mutants of Streptomyces coelicolor defective in sporulation. J Gen Microbiol 61:397–408 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
73. Hopwood D. A., Wright H. M., Bibb M. J., Cohen S. N. 1977; Genetic recombination through protoplast fusion in Streptomyces. Nature 268:171–174 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
74. Hopwood D. A., Bibb M. J., Ward J. M., Westpheling J. 1979; Plasmids in Streptomyces coelicolor and related species. In Plasmids of Medical, Environmental and Commercial Importance pp 245–258Edited by Timmis K. N., Puhler A. Amsterdam: Elsevier;
    [Google Scholar]
75. Hopwood D. A., Malpartida F., Kieser H. M., Ikeda H., Duncan J., Fujii I., Rudd B. A. M., Floss H. G., Õmura S. 1985a; Production of ‘hybrid’ antibiotics by genetic engineering. Nature 314:642–644 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
76. Hopwood D. A., Bibb M. J., Chater K. F.7 other authors 1985b Genetic Manipulation of Streptomyces: A Laboratory Manual Norwich: John Innes Foundation;
    [Google Scholar]
77. Janssen G. R., Ward J. M., Bibb M. J. 1989; Unusual transcriptional and translational features of the aminoglycoside phosphotransferase gene (aph) from Streptomyces fradiae. Genes Dev 3:415–429 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
78. Kendall K. J., Cohen S. N. 1988; Complete nucleotide sequence of the Streptomyces lividans plasmid pIJ101 and correlation of the sequence with genetic properties. J Bacteriol 170:4634–4651
    [Google Scholar]
79. Khokhlov A. S., Tovarova I. I., Borisova L. N., Pliner S. A., Schevchenko L. A., Kornitskaya E. Y., Ivkina N. S., Rapoport I. A. 1967; A-factor responsible for the biosynthesis of streptomycin by a mutant strain of Actinomyces streptomycini. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 177:232–235
    [Google Scholar]
80. Khosla C., Zawada R. J. 1996; Generation of polyketide libraries via combinatorial biosynthesis. Trends Biotechnol 14:335–341 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
81. Kieser T., Hopwood D. A., Wright H. M., Thompson C. J. 1982; pIJI01, a multi-copy broad host-range Streptomyces plasmid: functional analysis and development of DNA cloning vectors. Mol Gen Genet 185:223–238 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
82. Kieser H. M., Kieser T., Hopwood D. A. 1992; A combined genetic and physical map of the Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) chromosome. J Bacteriol 174:5496–5507
    [Google Scholar]
83. Kinashi H., Shimaji M. 1987; Detection of giant linear plasmids in antibiotic producing strains of Streptomyces by the OFAGE technique. J Antibiot 40:913–916 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
84. Kirby R., Hopwood D. A. 1977; Genetic determination of methylenomycin synthesis by the SCP1 plasmid of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). J Gen Microbiol 98:239–252 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
85. Kirby R., Wright L. F., Hopwood D. A. 1975; Plasmid-determined antibiotic synthesis and resistance in Streptomyces coelicolor. Nature 254:265–267 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
86. Kleiner E. M., Pliner S. A., Soifer V. S., Onoprienko V. V., Balashova T. A., Rosynov B. V., Khokhlov A. S. 1976; The structure of A-factor bioregulator from Streptomyces griseus. Bioorg Chem 2:1142–1147
    [Google Scholar]
87. Klieneberger-Nobel E. 1947; The life cycle of sporing Actinomyces as revealed by a study of their structure and septation. J Gen Microbiol 1:22–32 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
88. Kutzner H. J., Waksman S. A. 1959; Streptomyces coelicolor Müller and Streptomyces violaceoruber Waksman and Curtis, two distinctly different organisms. J Bacteriol 78:528–538
    [Google Scholar]
89. Lawlor E. J., Baylis H. A., Chater K. F. 1987; Pleiotropic morphological and antibiotic deficiencies result from mutations in a gene encoding a tRNA-like product in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Genes Dev 1:1305–1310 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
90. Lederberg J. 1952; Cell genetics and hereditary symbiosis. Physiol Res 32:403–430
    [Google Scholar]
91. Lederberg J., Tatum E. L. 1946; Novel genotypes in mixed cultures of biochemical mutants of bacteria. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 11:113–114 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
92. Lederberg J., Lederberg E. M., Zinder N. D., Lively R. R. 1951; Recombination analysis of bacterial heredity. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 16:413–443 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
93. Leskiw B. K., Bibb M. J., Chater K. F. 1991; The use of a rare codon specifically during development?. Mol Microbiol 5:2861–2867 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
94. Lin Y.-S., Chen C. W. 1997; Instability of artificially circularised chromosomes of Streptomyces lividans. Mol Microbiol 26:709–719 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
95. Lin Y.-S., Kieser H. M., Hopwood D. A., Chen C. W. 1993; The chromosomal DNA of Streptomyces lividans 66 is linear. Mol Microbiol 10:923–933 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
96. Lomovskaya N. D., Mkrtumian N. M., Gostimskaya N. L. 1970; Isolation and characteristics of Streptomyces coelicolor actinophage. Genetika 6:135–137
    [Google Scholar]
97. Lonetto M. A., Brown K. L., Rudd K. E., Buttner M. J. 1994; Analysis of the Streptomyces coelicolor sigE gene reveals the existence of a subfamily of eubacterial RNA polymerase σ factors involved in the regulation of extracytoplasmic functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:7573–7577 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
98. Losick R., Pero J. 1981; Cascades of sigma factors. Cell 25:582–584 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
99. McDaniel R., Ebert-Khosla S., Hopwood D. A., Khosla C. 1993; Engineered biosynthesis of novel polyketides. Science 262:1546–1550 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
100. McDaniel R., Ebert-Khosla S., Hopwood D. A., Khosla C. 1995; Rational design of aromatic polyketide natural products by recombinant assembly of enzymatic subunits. Nature 375:549–554 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
101. McDaniel R., Thamchaipenet A., Gustafsson C., Fu H., Betlach M., Betlach M., Ashley G. 1999; Multiple genetic modifications of the erythromycin polyketide synthase to produce a library of novel ‘unnatural’ natural products. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:1846–1851 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
102. McGregor J. F. 1954; Nuclear division and the life cycle in a Streptomyces sp. J Gen Microbiol 11:52–56 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
103. Malpartida F., Hopwood D. A. 1984; Molecular cloning of the whole biosynthetic pathway of a Streptomyces antibiotic and its expression in a heterologous host. Nature 309:462–464 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
104. Malpartida F., Hopwood D. A. 1986; Physical and genetic characterisation of the gene cluster for the antibiotic actinorhodin in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Mol Gen Genet 205:66–73 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
105. Matsumoto A., Hong S. K., Ishizuka H., Horinouchi S., Beppu T. 1994; Phosphorylation of the AfsR protein involved in secondary metabolism in Streptomyces species by a eukaryotic-type protein kinase. Gene 146:47–56 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
106. Mattern S. G., Brawner M. E., Westpheling J. 1993; Identification of a complex operator for galP1, the glucose-sensitive, galactose-dependent promoter of the Streptomyces galactose operon. J Bacteriol 175:1213–1220
     [Google Scholar]
107. Mazodier P., Petter R., Thompson C. 1989; Intergeneric conjugation between Escherichia coli and Streptomyces species. J Bacteriol 171:3583–3585
     [Google Scholar]
108. Merrick M. J. 1976; A morphological and genetic mapping study of bald colony mutants of Streptomyces coelicolor. J Gen Microbiol 96:299–315 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
109. Okanishi M., Suzuki K., Umezawa H. 1974; Formation and reversion of streptomycete protoplasts: cultural condition and morphological study. J Gen Microbiol 80:389–400 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
110. Onaka H., Nakagawa T., Horinouchi S. 1998; Involvement of two A-factor receptor homologues in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) in the regulation of secondary metabolism and morphogenesis. Mol Microbiol 28:743–753
     [Google Scholar]
111. Ono H., Hintermann G., Crameri R., Wallis G., Hütter R. 1982; Reiterated DNA sequences in a mutant strain of Streptomyces glaucescens and cloning of the sequence in Escherichia coli. Mol Gen Genet 186:106–110 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
112. Piret J. M., Chater K. F. 1985; Phage-mediated cloning of bldA, a region involved in Streptomyces coelicolor morphological development, and its analysis by genetic complementation. J Bacteriol 163:965–972
     [Google Scholar]
113. Redenbach M., Kieser H. M., Denapaite D., Eichner A., Cullum J., Kinashi H., Hopwood D. A. 1996; A set of ordered cosmids and a detailed genetic and physical map for the 8 Mb Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) chromosome. Mol Microbiol 21:77–96 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
114. Robinson M., Lewis E., Napier E. 1981; Occurrence of reiterated DNA sequences in strains of Streptomyces produced by an interspecific protoplast fusion. Mol Gen Genet 182:336–340 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
115. Rudd B. A. M., Hopwood D. A. 1979; Genetics of actinorhodin biosynthesis by Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). J Gen Microbiol 114:35–43 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
116. Saito H. 1957; Genetic recombination in Streptomyces griseoflavus. Microb Gen Bull 15:25–26
     [Google Scholar]
117. Schrempf H. 1982; Plasmid loss and changes within the chromosomal DNA of Streptomyces reticuli. J Bacteriol 151:701–707
     [Google Scholar]
118. Schrempf H., Bujard H., Hopwood D. A., Goebel W. 1975; Isolation of covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). J Bacteriol 121:416–421
     [Google Scholar]
119. Schwecke T., Aparicio J. F., Molnar I.10 other authors 1995; The biosynthetic gene cluster for the polyketide immunosuppressant rapamycin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:7839–7843 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
120. Sermonti G., Casciano S. 1963; Sexual polarity in Streptomyces coelicolor. J Gen Microbiol 33:293–301 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
121. Sermonti G., Spada-Sermonti I. 1955; Genetic recombination in Streptomyces. Nature 176:121
     [Google Scholar]
122. Sermonti G., Mancinelli A., Spada-Sermonti I. 1960; Heterogeneous clones (‘heteroclones’) in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Genetics 45:669–672
     [Google Scholar]
123. Sezonov G., Hagège J., Pernodet J.-L., Friedmann A., Guerineau M. 1995; Characterization of pra, a gene for replication control in pSAM2, the integrating element of Streptomyces ambofaciens. Mol Microbiol 17:533–544 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
124. Sherman D. H., Malpartida F., Bibb M. J., Kieser H. M., Hopwood D. A. 1989; Structure and deduced function of the granaticin-producing polyketide synthase gene cluster of Streptomyces violaceoruber Tü22. EMBO J 8:2717–2725
     [Google Scholar]
125. Shiffman D., Cohen S. N. 1993; Role of the imp operon of the Streptomyces coelicolor genetic element SLP1: two imp-encoded proteins interact to autoregulate imp expression and control plasmid maintenance. J Bacteriol 175:6767–6774
     [Google Scholar]
126. Skurray R. A., Reeves P. 1973; Characterization of lethal zygosis associated with conjugation in Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol 113:58–70
     [Google Scholar]
127. Smith B., Dyson P. 1995; Inducible transposition in Streptomyces lividans of insertion sequence IS6100 from Mycobacterium fortuitum. Mol Microbiol 18:933–941 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
128. Smith C. P., Chater K. F. 1988; Cloning and transcription analysis of the entire glycerol utilization (gylABX) operon of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and identification of a closely associated transcription unit. Mol Gen Genet 211:129–137 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
129. Smith M. C. M., Burns R. N., Wilson S. E., Gregory M. A. 1999; The complete genome sequence of the Streptomyces temperate phage ϕC31: evolutionary relationships to other viruses. Nucleic Acids Res 27:2145–2155 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
130. Solenberg P. J., Burgett S. G. 1989; Method for selection of transposable DNA and characterization of a new insertion sequence, IS493, from Streptomyces lividans. J Bacteriol 171:4807–4813
     [Google Scholar]
131. Stahl F. W. 1967; Circular genetic maps. J Cell Physiol 70:Suppl 11–12
     [Google Scholar]
132. Stanier R. Y. 1942; Agar-decomposing strains of the Actinomyces coelicolor species-group. J Bacteriol 44:555–570
     [Google Scholar]
133. Stuttard C. 1979; Transduction of auxotrophic markers in a chloramphenicol-producing strain of Streptomyces. J Gen Microbiol 110:479–482 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
134. Suarez J. E., Chater K. F. 1980; Polyethylene glycol-assisted transfection of Streptomyces protoplasts. J Bacteriol 142:8–14
     [Google Scholar]
135. Szybalski W. 1959; Preface. In Genetics of Streptomyces and other antibiotic-producing microorganisms. Ann NY Acad Sci 81:807
     [Google Scholar]
136. Tanaka K., Shiina T., Takahashi H. 1988; Multiple principal sigma factor homologs in eubacteria: identification of the ‘rpoD box’. Science 242:1040–1042 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
137. Thompson C. J., Gray G. S. 1983; Nucleotide sequence of a streptomycete aminoglycoside phosphotransferase gene and its relationship to phosphotransferases encoded by resistance plasmids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:5190–5194 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
138. Thompson C. J., Ward J. M., Hopwood D. A. 1980; DNA cloning in Streptomyces: resistance genes from antibiotic-producing species. Nature 286:525–527 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
139. Umezawa H. 1977; Microbial secondary metabolites with potential use in cancer treatment (plasmid involvement in biosynthesis and compounds). Biomedicine 26:236–249
     [Google Scholar]
140. Vivian A. 1971; Genetic control of fertility in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2): plasmid involvement in the interconversion of uf and if strains. J Gen Microbiol 69:353–364 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
141. Vivian A., Hopwood D. A. 1970; Genetic control of fertility in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2): the if fertility type. J Gen Microbiol 64:101–117 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
142. Vivian A., Hopwood D. A. 1973; Genetic control of fertility in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2): new kinds of donor strains. J Gen Microbiol 76:147–162 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
143. Volff J. N., Altenbuchner J. 1997; High frequency transposition of the Tn5 derivative Tn5493 in Streptomyces lividans. Gene 194:81–86 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
144. Volff J. N., Altenbuchner J. 1998; Genetic instability of the Streptomyces chromosome. Mol Microbiol 27:239–246 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
145. Waksman S. A. 1950 The Actinomycetes Waltham, MA: Chronica Botanica;
     [Google Scholar]
146. Westpheling J., Ranes M., Losick R. 1985; RNA polymerase heterogeneity in Streptomyces coelicolor. Nature 313:22–27 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
147. Wietzorrek A., Bibb M. 1997; A novel family of proteins that regulates antibiotic production in streptomycetes appears to contain an OmpR-like DNA-binding fold. Mol Microbiol 25:1177–1184
     [Google Scholar]
148. Willey J., Schwedock J., Losick R. 1993; Multiple extracellular signals govern the production of a morphogenetic protein involved in aerial mycelium formation by Streptomyces coelicolor. Genes Dev 7:895–903 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
149. Wright L. F., Hopwood D. A. 1976a; Identification of the antibiotic determined by the SCP1 plasmid of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). J Gen Microbiol 95:96–106 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
150. Wright L. F., Hopwood D. A. 1976b; Actinorhodin is a chromosomally-determined antibiotic in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). J Gen Microbiol 96:289–297 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
151. Yamada Y., Sugamura K., Kondo K., Yanagimoto M. 1987; The structure of inducing factors for virginiamycin production in Streptomyces virginiae. J Antibiot 40:496–504 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
152. Zakrzewska-Czerwinska J., Schrempf H. 1992; Characterization of an autonomously replicating region from the Streptomyces lividans chromosome. J Bacteriol 174:2688–2693
     [Google Scholar]