A 3.6 kb gene (ELF1) with homology to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) gene family has been isolated from genomic libraries of Candida albicans. Members of this gene family include both membrane transport proteins which confer a drug-resistance phenotype, and proteins whose functions are associated with protein translation. ELF1 (Elongation Like Factor) showed greatest homology with a Saccharomyces cerevisiae ORF (YPL226W), whose function is unknown, and lower homology with fungal elongation factor 3 (EF-3) genes. In comparison, homology with a gene conferring a drug-resistant phenotype (CDR1) was low. To understand the function of ELF1 in C. albicans, gene-knockout experiments were conducted using the hisG-URA3-hisG disruption cassette. Both single-copy (heterozygote) and double-disrupted strains in ELF1 were isolated. Phenotypically, the disrupted strains grew more slowly than wild-type and produced a mixture of large, irregular cells and apparently normal cells.
CalderoneR.A.,
SouthardS.,
HaleC.1992; The complement C3d-binding receptor (CR2) of Candida albicans: cloning and sequence analysis of a gene fragment homologous with a human CR2 cDNA clone. In Molecular Biology and its Application to Medical Mycology
. 23–30MarescaB.,
KobayashiG. S.,
YamaguchiH.
pp. Edited by Epidemiological and Molecular Aspects on Cholera Taoromina, Italy: Springer (NATO ASI Series);
ChakraburttyK.,
ZiehlerJ.,
SharmaN.,
HopkinsA.S.1995; Elongation factor 3: a new target for antifungal drugs. In Morphogenesis and Metabolism in Opportunistic Fungal Pathogens,
. pp. 324–331LatgeJ.-P.,
CalderoneR.,
YamaguchiH.
Edited By
FlingM.E.,
KopfJ.,
TamarkinA.,
GormanJ.A.,
SmithH.A.,
KoltinY.1991; Analysis of a Candida albicans gene that encodes a novel mechanism for resistance to benomyl and methotrexate. . Mol Gen Genet 227:318–329
GillumA.M.,
TsayE.Y.H.,
KirschD.R.1984; Isolation of the Candida albicans gene for orotidine-5' phosphate decarboxylase by complementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ura3 and Escherichia coli pyrF mutations. . Mol Gen Genet 198:179–182
McCulloghM.,
HumeS.1995; A longitudinal study of the change in resistance pattern and genetic relationship of oral Candida albicans from HIV-infected patients.. J Med Vet Mycol 33:33–37
ManningM.,
MitchellT.G.1980; Strain variation and morphogenesis of yeast and mycelial-phase Candida albicans in low sulfate, synthetic medium.. J Bacteriol 142:717–719
MooreM.M.,
CooperN.R.,
TackB.F.,
NemerowG.F.1987; Molecular cloning of the cDNA encoding the Epstein-Barr virus C3d receptor (complement receptor type 2) of human B lymphocytes. . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:9194–9198
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.1995; Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts. Tentative standard. . >NCCLS document M17-T 15:10 Wayne PA; National Committee for Laboratory Standards.:
PfallerM.A.,
Rhine-ChalbergJ.,
ReddingS.W.,
SmithJ.,
FarinacciG.,
FothergillA.W.,
RinaldiM.G.1994; Variations in fluconazole susceptibility and electrophoretic karyotype among oral isolates of Candida albicans from patients with AIDS and oral candidiasis.. J Clin Microbiol 32:59–64
SangeorzanJ.A.,
BradleyS.F.,
HeX.,
ZarinsL.T.,
RidenourG.L.,
TiballiR.N.,
KauffmanC.A.1994; Epidemiology of oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patients: colonization, infection, treatment and emergence of fluconazole resistance.. Am J Med 97:339–346
SanglardD.,
KuchlerK.,
IscherF"Pagani,
MonodM.,
BilleJ.1995; Mechanisms of resistance to azole antifungal agents in Candida albicans isolates from AIDS patients involve specific multidrug transporters.. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39:2378–2386
SanglardD.,
IscherF.,
MonodM.,
BilleJ.1996; Suscepti-bilities of Candida albicans multidrug transporter mutants to various antifungal agents and other metabolite inhibitors. . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40:2300–2305
SilverJ.1992; Inverse polymerase chain reaction. In PCR: a Practical Approach, . pp. 137–146McPhersonM. J.,
QuirkeP.,
TaylorG. R.
Edited by Oxford: Oxford University Press;
VazquezdeAldanaC.R.,
MartonM.J.,
HinnebuschA.J.1995; GCN20, a novel ATP-binding cassette protein, and GCN1 reside in a complex that mediates activation of the eIF-2a kinase GCN2 in amino acid-starved cells.. EMBO J 14:3184–3199
WhiteT.1997; Increased mRNA levels of ERG16, CDR1 and MDR1 correlate with increases in azole resistance in Candida albicans isolates from a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus.. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:1482–1487
WickesB. L.,
GolinB. L.,
Kwon-ChungK.-J.(1991a); Chromo-somal rearangement in Candida stellatoidea results in a positive effect on phenotype.. Infect Immun 59:1762–1771